_id

683a162fc782e11e38d1b258

id

10080

title

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Dosing Calculator

full_title

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Dosing Calculator

short_title

Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) Dosing

med_description

Calculates maximum daily dose of hydroxychloroquine to reduce of retinopathy.

short_description

Doses hydroxychloroquine, to reduce retinopathy risk.

slug

hydroxychloroquine-plaquenil-dosing-calculator

description

The Hydroxychloroquine Dosing Calculator calculates appropriate daily dose of hydroxychloroquine.

keywords

Plaquenil, hydroxychloroquine, rheumatoid arthritis, retinopathy

complaint

[ "Joint Pain" ]

formula

Maximum daily hydroxychloroquine dose = 5.0 mg/kg

evidence

Previous guidelines were published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology in 2011, which recommended a daily dose of 6.5 mg/kg based on ideal body weight. The updated 2016 guidelines reflect a large retrospective case-control study performed by Melles and Marmor in 2014, which found that hydroxychloroquine retinopathy was more common than previously recognized.

Melles and Marmor demonstrated that patients who were on a mean daily dose exceeding 5 mg/kg had a 10% cumulative risk of developing retinopathy within 10 years, which rose to 40% after 20 years.

Patients on an intermediate dose of 4-5 mg/kg had a 2% cumulative risk within 10 years and 20% risk after 20 years. 

While tamoxifen is also known to cause retinal toxicity, Melles and Marmor also found that patients who were on tamoxifen for breast cancer therapy had a significantly higher risk of developing hydroxychloroquine retinopathy (odds ratio of 4.59).

While the guidelines recommend caution in using hydroxychloroquine in patients with pre-existing retinal or macular disease, there is no clear evidence for increased risk, although it is reasonable that pre-existing retinal disease can confound screening tests.

These studies were performed in adults; therefore, these guidelines do not apply to pediatric populations.

measurements

[ { "name": "Dosage", "unit": "drugmg", "error_min": "-1", "error_max": "100000", "warn_min": "0", "warn_max": "1000", "conversion": "1", "normal_max_si": "0", "normal_max_us": "0", "normal_min_si": "0", "normal_min_us": "0", "units_si": "mg", "units_us": "mg" }, { "name": "Weight, adult", "unit": "wt_adult", "error_min": "55", "error_max": "620", "warn_min": "55", "warn_max": "300", "conversion": "0.453592", "normal_max_si": "113", "normal_max_us": "250", "normal_min_si": "45", "normal_min_us": "100", "units_si": "kg", "units_us": "lbs" } ]

information

Interpretation:

refrences

{ "Clinical Practice Guidelines": [ { "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33559327/", "text": "Rosenbaum JT, Costenbader KH, Desmarais J, et al. American College of Rheumatology, American Academy of Dermatology, Rheumatologic Dermatology Society, and American Academy of Ophthalmology 2020 Joint Statement on Hydroxychloroquine Use with Respect to Retinal Toxicity. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(6):908-911." }, { "href": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26992838 ", "text": "Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, Melles RB, Mieler WF. Recommendations on Screening for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Retinopathy (2016 Revision). Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1386-94." }, { "href": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33559327/", "text": "American College of Rheumatology. Position Statement, updated on August 2016. " }, { "href": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292109", "text": "Marmor MF, Kellner U, Lai TY, et al. Revised recommendations on screening for chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2011;118:415–22." } ], "Manufacturer Website": [], "Original/Primary Reference": [ { "href": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25275721", "text": "Melles RB, Marmor MF. The risk of toxic retinopathy in patients on long-term hydroxychloroquine therapy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2014;132(12):1453-60." } ], "Other References": [], "Outcomes": [], "Validation": [], "Validations": [] }

pearls

• The current American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) guidelines, published in 2016, recommend a maximum daily hydroxychloroquine dose of ≤5.0 mg/kg of actual body weight. These guidelines were established to minimize the likelihood of permanent vision loss related to hydroxychloroquine retinopathy. 
• The 2016 revision was prompted by a study by Melles and Marmor in 2014, which suggested that hydroxychloroquine retinopathy is more common than previously thought. They demonstrated that a daily consumption of 5.0 mg/kg real body weight or less is associated with a low risk for up to 10 years. However, there is significant variability in individuals that develop hydroxychloroquine retinopathy.
• This study was performed only in adult patients.
• A 2020 Joint Statement by the American College of Rheumatology, American Academy of Dermatology, Rheumatologic Dermatology Society, and the American Academy of Ophthalmology supports the use of ≤5.0 mg/kg dosing.
• The American College of Rheumatology updated their guidelines in August 2016 to acknowledge the American Academy of Ophthalmology’s position, but it does not specify a preferred dosing regimen.
• Doses must be adjusted for renal insufficiency.
• Patients with underlying retinal or macular disease may be at a higher risk for toxicity.
• Patients who are undergoing tamoxifen therapy for breast cancer have a higher risk for toxicity.

usecase

Use in an outpatient setting for adult patients taking hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil).

reasons

An appropriate dose is required to minimize the risk of hydroxychloroquine-related retinopathy and to permit long-term use in most patients. Risk increases with higher doses and long-term use. Calculation of appropriate dose of hydroxychloroquine can minimize the risk of hydroxychloroquine retinopathy, since vision loss is irreversible and there is no therapy to treat the resulting retinopathy.

next_advice

next_actions

If a patient is on a dose that exceeds 5 mg/kg/day of actual body weight, the prescribing physician should be contacted to ensure that the dose can be adjusted and medical risks are managed.

next_management

• Doses should be adjusted in conjunction with the prescribing physician to minimize the risk of vision loss and to ensure that the medical risks of medication adjustment are managed.
• Recommended screening consists of automated visual fields (appropriate to race) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).
• Other objective testing, such as a multifocal electroretinogram or fundus autofluorescence, should be performed as needed, if available.
• Ophthalmoscopy is not a recommended screening tool because photoreceptor damage can be detected by the above techniques before it becomes clinically visible.

diseases

[ "Breast Cancer", "Coronavirus", "COVID-19", "Rheumatoid Arthritis" ]

input_schema

[ { "conditionality": "", "default": null, "fhir_rules": null, "inct": null, "label_en": "<p>Weight</p>", "name": "weight", "optional": false, "tips_en": "", "type": "textbox", "unit": "wt_adult" }, { "conditionality": "", "default": null, "fhir_rules": null, "inct": null, "label_en": "<p>Current daily dose</p>", "name": "dose", "optional": true, "tips_en": "Optional: enter current daily dose of hydroxychloroquine to determine if dose is too high ", "type": "textbox", "unit": "drugmg" } ]

instructions

This calculator is for double-checking hydroxychloroquine dosing and should NOT be used as the primary means for ordering.

published

2022-04-21T20:28:15.409Z

purpose

[ "Formula" ]

search_terms

[ "plaquenil", "covid19", "covid", "covid-19", "covid 19", "coronavirus" ]

seo

{ "keywords_en": "Plaquenil, hydroxychloroquine, rheumatoid arthritis, retinopathy", "meta_description_en": "The Hydroxychloroquine Dosing Calculator calculates appropriate daily dose of hydroxychloroquine." }

specialty

[ "Ophthalmology", "Pharmacy", "Rheumatology" ]

departments

[ "HEENT", "Rheumatologic" ]

tags

[]

version_number

1

versions

[]

related

[ { "calcId": 104, "short_title_en": "Centor Score (Modified/McIsaac)", "slug": "centor-score-modified-mcisaac-strep-pharyngitis" }, { "calcId": 10089, "short_title_en": "HScore", "slug": "hscore-reactive-hemophagocytic-syndrome" }, { "calcId": 33, "short_title_en": "PSI/PORT Score", "slug": "psi-port-score-pneumonia-severity-index-cap" } ]

ismed

true

section

[ "whenToUseViewed", "pearlsPitfallsViewed", "whyUseViewed", "nextStepsViewed", "evidenceViewed" ]

cleaned_departments

[ "otolaryngology", "rheumatology" ]

cleaned_use

[ "Use in an outpatient setting for adult patients taking hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil)." ]

pub

false