EPRONTIA is indicated as initial monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older.

EPRONTIA is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older.

EPRONTIA is indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients 12 years of age and older.

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The recommended dose for EPRONTIA monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older is 400 mg/day in two divided doses. The dose should be achieved by titration according to the following schedule ( Table 1):

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 1: Monotherapy Titration Schedule for Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 years and older</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="18%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="19%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Morning Dose</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Evening Dose</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">25 mg</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">25 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">50 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">50 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">75 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">75 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">100 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">100 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">150 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">150 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">200 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">200 mg</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Pediatric Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age

Dosing in patients 2 to 9 years of age is based on weight. During the titration period, the initial dose of EPRONTIA is 25 mg/day nightly for the first week. Based upon tolerability, the dosage can be increased to 50 mg/day (25 mg twice daily) in the second week. Dosage can be increased by 25-50 mg/day each subsequent week as tolerated. Titration to the minimum maintenance dose should be attempted over 5-7 weeks of the total titration period. Based upon tolerability and clinical response, additional titration to a higher dose (up to the maximum maintenance dose) can be attempted at 25-50 mg/day weekly increments. The total daily dose should not exceed the maximum maintenance dose for each range of body weight ( Table 2).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 2: Monotherapy Target Total Daily Maintenance Dosing for Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="16%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="20%"/> </colgroup> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-1" name="footnote-1">*</a> </dt> <dd>Administered in two equally divided doses</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Weight (kg)</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Total Daily Dose (mg/day)</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-1" name="footnote-reference-1">*</a><span class="Bold">Minimum Maintenance Dose</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Total Daily Dose (mg/day)</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-1">*</a><span class="Bold">Maximum Maintenance Dose</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Up to 11</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">150</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">250</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">12-22</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">200</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">300</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">23-31</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">200</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">350</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">32-38</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">250</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">350</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Greater than 38</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">250</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">400</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Adults (17 Years of Age and Older)

The recommended total daily dose of EPRONTIA as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial onset seizures or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 200 to 400 mg/day in two divided doses, and 400 mg/day in two divided doses as adjunctive treatment in adults with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. EPRONTIA should be initiated at 25 to 50 mg/day, followed by titration to an effective dose in increments of 25 to 50 mg/day every week. Titrating in increments of 25 mg/day every week may delay the time to reach an effective dose. Doses above 400 mg/day have not been shown to improve responses in adults with partial-onset seizures.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 16 Years of Age

The recommended total daily dose of EPRONTIA as adjunctive therapy for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is approximately 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in two divided doses. Titration should begin at 25 mg/day (or less, based on a range of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day) nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day (administered in two divided doses), to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. The total daily dose should not exceed 400 mg/day.

The recommended total daily dose of EPRONTIA as treatment for patients 12 years of age and older for the preventive treatment of migraine is 100 mg/day administered in two divided doses ( Table 3). The recommended titration rate for EPRONTIA for the preventive treatment of migraine is as follows:

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 3: Preventive Treatment of Migraine Titration Schedule for Patients 12 years and older</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="18%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="18%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Morning Dose</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Evening Dose</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">None</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">25 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">25 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">25 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">25 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">50 mg</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Week 4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">50 mg</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">50 mg</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Dose and titration rate should be guided by clinical outcome. If required, longer intervals between dose adjustments can be used.

EPRONTIA can be taken without regard to meals.

A calibrated measuring device is recommended to measure and deliver the prescribed dose accurately. A household teaspoon or tablespoon is not an adequate measuring device.

Discard the unused portion after 90 days [see How Supplied/Storage and Handling ( 16.2)] .

In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m 2), one-half of the usual adult dose of EPRONTIA is recommended [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5, 8.6), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a supplemental dose of EPRONTIA may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account 1) the duration of dialysis period, 2) the clearance rate of the dialysis system being used, and 3) the effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

EPRONTIA oral solution 25 mg/mL is supplied as a colorless to slightly yellow colored clear viscous liquid in white HDPE bottles.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "EPRONTIA oral solution 25 mg/mL is supplied as a colorless to slightly yellow colored clear viscous liquid in white HDPE bottles." }

None.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "None." }

A syndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in patients receiving EPRONTIA (topiramate). Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include some or all of the following: myopia, mydriasis, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness), choroidal detachments, retinal pigment epithelial detachments, macular striae, and increased intraocular pressure. This syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of initiating EPRONTIA therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40 years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in pediatric patients as well as adults. The primary treatment to reverse symptoms is discontinuation of EPRONTIA as rapidly as possible, according to the judgment of the treating physician. Other measures, in conjunction with discontinuation of EPRONTIA, may be helpful.

Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.

Visual field defects (independent of elevated intraocular pressure) have been reported in clinical trials and in post-marketing experience in patients receiving topiramate. In clinical trials, most of these events were reversible after topiramate discontinuation. If visual problems occur at any time during topiramate treatment, consideration should be given to discontinuing the drug.

Oligohidrosis (decreased sweating), infrequently resulting in hospitalization, has been reported in association with EPRONTIA use. Decreased sweating and an elevation in body temperature above normal characterized these cases. Some of the cases were reported after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures.

The majority of the reports have been in pediatric patients. Patients (especially pediatric patients) treated with EPRONTIA should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Caution should be used when EPRONTIA is given with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders; these drugs include, but are not limited to, other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity.

EPRONTIA can cause hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis). This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition by EPRONTIA. EPRONTIA induced metabolic acidosis can occur at any time during treatment. Bicarbonate decrements are usually mild-moderate (average decrease of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients); rarely, patients can experience severe decrements to values below 10 mEq/L. Conditions or therapies that predispose patients to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, ketogenic diet, or specific drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of EPRONTIA.

Metabolic acidosis was commonly observed in adult and pediatric patients treated with topiramate in clinical trials. The incidence of decreased serum bicarbonate in pediatric trials, for adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or refractory partial-onset seizures was as high as 67% for topiramate (at approximately 6 mg/kg/day), and 10% for placebo. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and ≥5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was up to 11%, compared to ≤ 2% for placebo.

Manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis may include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, and may also result in osteomalacia (referred to as rickets in pediatric patients) and/or osteoporosis with an increased risk for fractures [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9, 5.13)] . A one-year, active-controlled study of pediatric patients treated with topiramate demonstrated that topiramate decreased lumbar spine bone mineral density and that this lumbar spine bone mineral density decrease was correlated (using change from baseline for lumbar spine Z score at final visit versus lowest post-treatment serum bicarbonate) with decreased serum bicarbonate, a reflection of metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . Chronic metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may also reduce growth rates, which may decrease the maximal height achieved. Long-term, open-label treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old with intractable partial epilepsy, for up to 1 year, showed reductions from baseline in length, weight, and head circumference compared to age and sex-matched normative data, although these patients with epilepsy are likely to have different growth rates than normal 1 to 24 month old pediatric patients. Reductions in length and weight were correlated to the degree of acidosis [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . Topiramate treatment that causes metabolic acidosis during pregnancy can possibly produce adverse effects on the fetus and might also cause metabolic acidosis in the neonate from possible transfer of topiramate to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] .

Measurement of Serum Bicarbonate in Epilepsy and Migraine Patients

Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during topiramate treatment is recommended. If metabolic acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing EPRONTIA (using dose tapering). If the decision is made to continue patients on EPRONTIA in the face of persistent acidosis, alkali treatment should be considered.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including EPRONTIA, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table 4 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 4: Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs in the Pooled Analysis</span> </caption> <col width="17%"/> <col width="13%"/> <col width="18%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="18%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Indication</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo Patients with Events per 1000 Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Drug Patients with Events per 1000 Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events per 1000 Patients</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Epilepsy</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="middle"> <p class="First">Psychiatric</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5.7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">8.5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="middle"> <p class="First">Other</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.8</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0.9</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last Last"> <td valign="middle"> <p class="First">Total</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4.3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.8</p> </td><td align="center" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing EPRONTIA or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

EPRONTIA can cause cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The most frequent of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) Cognitive-related dysfunction (e.g., confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties); 2) Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression or mood problems); and 3) Somnolence or fatigue.

Adult Patients

Cognitive-Related Dysfunction

Rapid titration rate and higher initial dose were associated with higher incidences of cognitive-related dysfunction.

In adult epilepsy adjunctive controlled trials, which used rapid titration (100-200 mg/day weekly increments), and target EPRONTIA doses of 200 mg - 1000 mg/day, 56% of patients in the 800 mg/day and 1000 mg/day dose groups experienced cognitive-related dysfunction compared to approximately 42% of patients in the 200-400 mg/day groups and 14% for placebo. In this rapid titration regimen, these dose-related adverse reactions began in the titration or in the maintenance phase, and in some patients these events began during titration and persisted into the maintenance phase.

In the monotherapy epilepsy controlled trial, the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg/day and 26% for 400 mg/day.

In the 6-month controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, which used a slower titration regimen (25 mg/day weekly increments), the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg/day, 22% for 100 mg/day (the recommended dose), 28% for 200 mg/day, and 10% for placebo. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during titration and sometimes persisted after completion of titration.

Psychiatric/Behavioral Disturbances

Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression, mood) were dose-related for both the adjunctive epilepsy and migraine populations [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)] .

Somnolence/Fatigue

Somnolence and fatigue were the adverse reactions most frequently reported during clinical trials of EPRONTIA for adjunctive epilepsy. For the adjunctive epilepsy population, the incidence of fatigue, appeared dose-related. For the monotherapy epilepsy population, the incidence of somnolence was dose-related. For the migraine population, the incidences of both fatigue and somnolence were dose-related and more common in the titration phase.

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric epilepsy trials (adjunctive and monotherapy), the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was generally lower than that observed in adults. These reactions included psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems, and language problems. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients during adjunctive therapy double-blind studies were somnolence and fatigue. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients in the 50 mg/day and 400 mg/day groups during the monotherapy double-blind study were headache, dizziness, anorexia, and somnolence.

In pediatric migraine patients, the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was increased in topiramate treated patients compared to placebo.

The risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was dose-dependent, and was greatest at the highest dose (200 mg). This risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was also greater in younger patients (6 to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 to 17 years of age). The most common cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reaction in these trials was difficulty with concentration/attention. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during titration and sometimes persisted for various durations after completion of titration.

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered to adolescents (12 to 17 years) to assess the effects of topiramate on cognitive function at baseline and at the end of the Study 13 [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3)] . Mean change from baseline in certain CANTAB tests suggests that topiramate treatment may result in psychomotor slowing and decreased verbal fluency.

EPRONTIA can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in utero have an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and of being small for gestational age (SGA). When multiple species of pregnant animals received topiramate at clinically relevant doses, structural malformations, including craniofacial defects, and reduced fetal weights occurred in offspring [ see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) ].

Consider the benefits and the risks of EPRONTIA when administering this drug in women of childbearing potential, particularly when EPRONTIA is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death [ see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1), Patient Counseling Information ( 17) ]. EPRONTIA should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus [ see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1) ].

In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, including EPRONTIA, should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure frequency [see Clinical Studies ( 14)] . In situations where rapid withdrawal of EPRONTIA is medically required, appropriate monitoring is recommended.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study in pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of topiramate monotherapy on bone mineral acquisition via statistically significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) measured in lumbar spine and in total body less head [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . Twenty-one percent of topiramate-treated patients experienced clinically important reductions in BMD (Z score change from baseline of -0.5 or greater) compared to 0 patients in the control group. Although decreases in BMD occurred across all pediatric age subgroups, patients 6 to 9 years of age were most commonly affected. The sample size and study duration were too small to determine if fracture risk is increased. Decreased BMD in the lumbar spine was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, which commonly occurs with topiramate treatment and reflects metabolic acidosis, a known cause of increased bone resorption [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] . Although small decreases in some markers of bone metabolism (e.g., serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) occurred in topiramate-treated patients, more significant decreases in serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, hormones involved in bone metabolism, were observed, along with an increased excretion of urinary calcium.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study of pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of topiramate monotherapy on growth (i.e., height and weight) [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . Although continued growth was observed in both treatment groups, the topiramate group showed statistically significant reductions in mean annual change from baseline in body weight compared to the control group. A similar trend of attenuation in height velocity and height change from baseline was also observed in the topiramate group compared to the control group. Negative effects on weight and height were seen across all topiramate age subgroups. Growth (height and weight) of children receiving prolonged EPRONTIA therapy should be carefully monitored.

Serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome [SJS] and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis [TEN]) have been reported in patients receiving topiramate. EPRONTIA should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered. Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions.

EPRONTIA treatment can cause hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.2)] . The risk for hyperammonemia with topiramate appears dose-related. Hyperammonemia has been reported more frequently when topiramate is used concomitantly with valproic acid. Postmarketing cases of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy have been reported with topiramate and valproic acid in patients who previously tolerated either drug alone [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1)] .

Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. In most cases, hyperammonemic encephalopathy abated with discontinuation of treatment.

The incidence of hyperammonemia in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age in the preventive treatment of migraine trials was 26% in patients taking topiramate monotherapy at 100 mg/day, and 14% in patients taking topiramate at 50 mg/day, compared to 9% in patients taking placebo. There was also an increased incidence of markedly increased hyperammonemia at the 100 mg dose.

Dose-related hyperammonemia was also seen in pediatric patients 1 to 24 months of age treated with topiramate and concomitant valproic acid for partial-onset epilepsy and this was not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction.

In some patients, hyperammonemia can be asymptomatic.

Monitoring for Hyperammonemia

Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although not studied, topiramate treatment or an interaction of concomitant topiramate and valproic acid treatment may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons.

In patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting or changes in mental status associated with any topiramate treatment, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured.

EPRONTIA increases the risk of kidney stones. During adjunctive epilepsy trials, the risk for kidney stones in topiramate -treated adults was 1.5%, an incidence about 2 to 4 times greater than expected in a similar, untreated population. As in the general population, the incidence of stone formation among topiramate -treated patients was higher in men. Kidney stones have also been reported in pediatric patients taking topiramate for epilepsy or migraine. During long-term (up to 1 year) topiramate treatment in an open-label extension study of 284 pediatric patients 1-24 months old with epilepsy, 7% developed kidney or bladder stones. Topiramate is not approved for treatment of epilepsy in pediatric patients less than 2 years old [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] .

Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] . The concomitant use of topiramate with any other drug producing metabolic acidosis, or potentially in patients on a ketogenic diet, may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.

Increased fluid intake increases the urinary output, lowering the concentration of substances involved in stone formation. Hydration is recommended to reduce new stone formation.

An increase in urinary calcium and a marked decrease in urinary citrate was observed in topiramate-treated pediatric patients in a one-year active-controlled study [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . This increased ratio of urinary calcium/citrate increases the risk of kidney stones and/or nephrocalcinosis.

Hypothermia, defined as a drop in body core temperature to <35°C (95°F), has been reported in association with topiramate use with concomitant valproic acid both in conjunction with hyperammonemia and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse reaction in patients using concomitant topiramate and valproate can occur after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing the daily dose of topiramate [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1)] . Consideration should be given to stopping topiramate or valproate in patients who develop hypothermia, which may be manifested by a variety of clinical abnormalities including lethargy, confusion, coma, and significant alterations in other major organ systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical management and assessment should include examination of blood ammonia levels.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the incidence of adverse reactions observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to the incidence of adverse reactions in the clinical trials of another drug, and may not reflect the incidence of adverse reactions observed in practice.

The safety data described below were obtained from clinical trials of patients treated with topiramate tablets or sprinkle capsules [see Clinical Studies ( 14)] .

Monotherapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial (Study 1) that occurred in adults in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥ 10 %) than in the 50 mg/day group were: paresthesia, weight loss and anorexia (see Table 5).

Approximately 21% of the 159 adult patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in Study 1 discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥ 2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg/day topiramate) adverse reactions causing discontinuation were difficulty with memory, fatigue, asthenia, insomnia, somnolence, and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 6 to 15 Years of Age

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial (Study 1) that occurred in pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥10%) than in the 50 mg/day group were fever and weight loss (see Table 5).

Approximately 14% of the 77 pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg/day topiramate) adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation were difficulty with concentration/attention, fever, flushing, and confusion.

Table 5 presents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of adult and pediatric patients treated with 400 mg/day topiramate and occurring with greater incidence than 50 mg/day topiramate.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 5: Adverse Reactions in the High Dose Group as Compared to the Low Dose Group, in Monotherapy Epilepsy Trial (Study 1) in Adult and Pediatric Patients</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="35%"/> <col width="8%"/> <col width="16%"/> <col width="16%"/> <col width="10%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="4" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body System <br/> Adverse Reaction </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Age Group <br/> Pediatric <br/> (6 to 15 years) </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adult <br/> (Age ≥16 Years) </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="4" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Topiramate Daily Dosage Group <br/> (mg/day) </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">50</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">400</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">50</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">400</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">(N=74) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">(N=77) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">(N=160) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">(N=159) <br/> % </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body as a Whole- General Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Asthenia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fever</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Leg Pain</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Paresthesia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">21</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">40</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Hypoesthesia</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Hypertonia</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Involuntary muscle contractions</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vertigo</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Constipation</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Diarrhea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Gastritis</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dry mouth</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Liver and Biliary System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Increase in Gamma-GT</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Weight loss</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Platelet, Bleeding &amp; Clotting Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Epistaxis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Anorexia</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Anxiety</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Cognitive problems</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Confusion</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Depression</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with concentration or attention</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with memory</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Insomnia</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decrease in libido</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Mood problems</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Personality disorder (behavior problems)</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychomotor slowing</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Red Blood Cell Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Anemia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Female</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Intermenstrual bleeding</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vaginal hemorrhage</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Viral infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Bronchitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper respiratory tract infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">16</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">18</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Rhinitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Sinusitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Alopecia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pruritus</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Rash</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Acne</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Special Senses Other, Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Taste perversion</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Cystitis</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Micturition frequency</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Renal calculus</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Urinary incontinence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Vascular (Extracardiac) Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Flushing</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

In pooled controlled clinical trials in adults with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 183 patients received adjunctive therapy with topiramate at dosages of 200 to 400 mg/day (recommended dosage range) and 291 patients received placebo. Patients in these trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in adult patients in the 200-400 mg/day topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10 %) than in the placebo group were: dizziness, speech disorders/related speech problems, somnolence, nervousness, psychomotor slowing, and vision abnormal ( Table 6).

Table 6 presents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of adult patients treated with 200 to 400 mg/day topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, paresthesia, language problems, psychomotor slowing, depression, difficulty with concentration/attention, mood problems) was dose-related and much greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (i.e., 600 mg - 1000 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (200 mg to 400 mg daily) range.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 6: Most Common Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Adults <span class="Sup">*</span></span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body System <br/> Adverse Reaction </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo <br/> (N=291) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">TOPIRAMATE <br/> Dosage (mg/day) <br/> 200-400 <br/> (N=183) <br/> % </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Asthenia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Back pain</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Chest pain</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Influenza-like symptoms</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">25</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">16</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Speech disorders/Related speech problems</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Paresthesia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nystagmus</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Tremor</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Language problems</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Coordination abnormal</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Gait abnormal</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Dyspepsia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Abdominal pain</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Constipation</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Weight loss</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">29</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nervousness</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">16</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychomotor slowing</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with memory</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Confusion</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Anorexia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with concentration/attention</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Mood problems</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Agitation</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Aggressive reaction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Emotional lability</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Cognitive problems</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Breast pain</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Rhinitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Pharyngitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Sinusitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Vision abnormal</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Diplopia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First">*Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In controlled clinical trials in adults, 11% of patients receiving topiramate 200 to 400 mg/day as adjunctive therapy discontinued due to adverse reactions. This rate appeared to increase at dosages above 400 mg/day. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing topiramate included somnolence, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty with concentration or attention, fatigue and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 15 Years of Age

In pooled, controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients (2 to 15 years of age) with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 98 patients received adjunctive therapy with topiramate at dosages of 5 to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) and 101 patients received placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in pediatric patients in the 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10 %) than in the placebo group were: fatigue and somnolence ( Table 7).

Table 7 presents the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of pediatric patients 2 to 15 years of age receiving 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) of topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 7: Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Pediatric Patients 2 to 15 Years of Age <span class="Sup">*,†</span></span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body System <br/> Adverse Reaction </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo <br/> (N=101) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">TOPIRAMATE <br/> (N=98) <br/> % </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">16</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Injury</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Gait abnormal</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Hyperkinesia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Speech disorders/Related speech problems</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Saliva increased</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Constipation</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Gastroenteritis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Weight loss</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Platelet, Bleeding, &amp; Clotting Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Purpura</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Epistaxis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">16</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">26</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Anorexia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">24</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nervousness</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Personality disorder (behavior problems)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with concentration/attention</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Aggressive reaction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Insomnia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with memory</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Confusion</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychomotor slowing</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Infection viral</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pneumonia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Skin disorder</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Urinary incontinence</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td colspan="3" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Sup">*</span>Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo. </p> <p> <span class="Sup">†</span>Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

None of the pediatric patients who received topiramate adjunctive therapy at 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled clinical trials discontinued due to adverse reactions.

Migraine

Adults

In the four multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group migraine clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine (which included 35 pediatric patients 12 to 15 years of age), most adverse reactions occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period.

The most common adverse reactions with topiramate 100 mg in the clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine of predominantly adults that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5 %) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, anorexia, weight loss, taste perversion, diarrhea, difficulty with memory, hypoesthesia, and nausea (see Table 8).

Table 8 includes those adverse reactions that occurred in the placebo-controlled trials where the incidence in any topiramate treatment group was at least 3% and was greater than that for placebo patients. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, somnolence, difficulty with memory, difficulty with concentration/attention) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (100 mg daily).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 8: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Placebo-Controlled, Migraine Trials in Adults <span class="Sup">*,†</span></span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="19%"/> <col width="12%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="11%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body System <br/> Adverse Reaction </span> </p> </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo <br/> (N=445) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">TOPIRAMATE Dosage <br/> (mg/day) </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">50 <br/> (N=235) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">100 <br/> (N=386) <br/> % </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Injury</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Paresthesia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">35</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">51</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Hypoesthesia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Language problems</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Diarrhea</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Abdominal pain</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Dyspepsia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Dry mouth</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Gastroenteritis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Weight loss</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Musculoskeletal System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Arthralgia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Anorexia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with memory</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Insomnia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Difficulty with concentration/attention</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Mood problems</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Anxiety</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Depression</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Nervousness</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Confusion</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychomotor slowing</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Female</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Menstrual disorder</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Male</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ejaculation premature</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Viral infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper respiratory tract infection</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">13</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Sinusitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Pharyngitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Coughing</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Bronchitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dyspnea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pruritus</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Special Sense Other, Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Taste perversion</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Urinary tract infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Blurred vision <span class="Sup">‡</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Sup">*</span>Includes 35 adolescent patients age 12 to 15 years. </p> <p> <span class="Sup">†</span>Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category. </p> <p> <span class="Sup">‡</span>Blurred vision was the most common term considered as vision abnormal. Blurred vision was an included term that accounted for &gt;50% of reactions coded as vision abnormal, a preferred term. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Of the 1,135 patients exposed to topiramate in the adult placebo-controlled studies, 25% of topiramate-treated patients discontinued due to adverse reactions, compared to 10% of the 445 placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy in the topiramate -treated patients included paresthesia (7%), fatigue (4%), nausea (4%), difficulty with concentration/attention (3%), insomnia (3%), anorexia (2%), and dizziness (2%).

Patients treated with topiramate experienced mean percent reductions in body weight that were dose-dependent. This change was not seen in the placebo group. Mean changes of 0%, -2%, -3%, and -4% were seen for the placebo group, topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg groups, respectively.

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

In five, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, most adverse reactions occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period. Among adverse reactions with onset during titration, approximately half persisted into the maintenance period.

In four, fixed-dose, double-blind clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine in topiramate -treated pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age, the most common adverse reactions with topiramate 100 mg that were seen at an incidence higher (≥5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain (see Table 9). Table 9 shows adverse reactions from the pediatric trial (Study 13 [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3)] ) in which 103 pediatric patients were treated with placebo or 50 mg or 100 mg of topiramate, and three predominantly adult trials in which 49 pediatric patients (12 to 17 years of age) were treated with placebo or 50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg of topiramate. Table 9 also shows adverse reactions in pediatric patients in the controlled migraine trials when the incidence in a topiramate dose group was at least 5 % or higher and greater than the incidence of placebo. Many adverse reactions shown in Table 9 indicate a dose-dependent relationship. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., allergy, fatigue, headache, anorexia, insomnia, somnolence, and viral infection) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (100 mg daily).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 9: Adverse Reactions in Pooled Double-Blind Studies for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age <span class="Sup">*,†,‡</span></span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="19%"/> <col width="12%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="12%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body System <br/> Adverse Reaction </span> </p> </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo <br/> (N=45) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">TOPIRAMATE Dosage</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">50 mg/day <br/> (N=46) <br/> % </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">100 mg/day <br/> (N=48) <br/> % </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fever</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Paresthesia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">20</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">19</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Gastrointestinal System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Abdominal pain</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Weight loss</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Anorexia</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Insomnia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Infection viral</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper respiratory tract infection</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">26</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">23</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Rhinitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Sinusitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Coughing</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Special Senses Other, Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Taste perversion</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Conjunctivitis</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td colspan="4" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Sup">*</span>35 adolescent patients aged 12 to &lt;16 years were also included in adverse reaction assessment for adults (Tables 11 and 12) <br/> <span class="Sup">†</span>Incidence is based on the number of subjects experiencing at least 1 adverse event, not the number of events. <br/> <span class="Sup">‡</span>Included studies MIG-3006, MIGR-001, MIGR-002 and MIGR-003 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In the double-blind placebo-controlled studies, adverse reactions led to discontinuation of treatment in 8% of placebo patients compared with 6% of topiramate -treated patients. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy that occurred in more than one topiramate -treated patient were fatigue (1%), headache (1%), and somnolence (1%).

Increased Risk for Bleeding

Topiramate, the active ingredient in EPRONTIA, is associated with an increased risk for bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies of approved and unapproved indications, bleeding was more frequently reported as an adverse reaction for topiramate than for placebo (4.5% versus 3.0% in adult patients, and 4.4% versus 2.3% in pediatric patients). In this analysis, the incidence of serious bleeding events for topiramate and placebo was 0.3% versus 0.2% for adult patients, and 0.4% versus 0% for pediatric patients.

Adverse bleeding reactions reported with topiramate ranged from mild epistaxis, ecchymosis, and increased menstrual bleeding to life-threatening hemorrhages. In patients with serious bleeding events, conditions that increased the risk for bleeding were often present, or patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia (other antiepileptic drugs) or affect platelet function or coagulation (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or warfarin or other anticoagulants).

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials

Other adverse reactions seen during clinical trials were: abnormal coordination, eosinophilia, gingival bleeding, hematuria, hypotension, myalgia, myopia, postural hypotension, scotoma, suicide attempt, syncope, and visual field defect.

Laboratory Test Abnormalities

Adult Patients

In addition to changes in serum bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), sodium chloride and ammonia, topiramate was associated with changes in several clinical laboratory analytes in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4, 5.12)]. Controlled trials of adjunctive topiramate treatment of adults for partial-onset seizures showed an increased incidence of markedly decreased serum phosphorus (6% topiramate versus 2% placebo), markedly increased serum alkaline phosphatase (3% topiramate versus 1% placebo), and decreased serum potassium (0.4% topiramate versus 0.1% placebo).

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric patients (1-24 months) receiving adjunctive topiramate for partial-onset seizures, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, and total protein. The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), and potassium with topiramate (vs placebo) [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . Topiramate is not indicated for partial-onset seizures in pediatric patients less than 2 years of age.

In pediatric patients (ranging from 6-17 years of age) receiving topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, platelets, and eosinophils, The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for phosphorus, bicarbonate, total white blood count, and neutrophils [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4)] . Topiramate is not indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of topiramate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Body as a Whole-General Disorders: oligohydrosis and hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)] , hyperammonemia, hyperammonemic encephalopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)], hypothermia with concomitant valproic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)].

Gastrointestinal System Disorders: hepatic failure (including fatalities), hepatitis, pancreatitis.

Skin and Appendage Disorders: bullous skin reactions (including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)], pemphigus.

Urinary System Disorders: kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4, 5.13)].

Vision Disorders: acute myopia, secondary angle closure glaucoma [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1)] , maculopathy.

Hematological Disorders: decrease of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time when given concomitantly with vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant medications such as warfarin.

Concomitant administration of phenytoin or carbamazepine with topiramate resulted in a clinically significant decrease in plasma concentrations of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone. A dosage adjustment may be needed [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Concomitant administration of valproic acid and topiramate has been associated with hypothermia and hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy. Examine blood ammonia levels in patients in whom the onset of hypothermia has been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12, 5.14), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Concomitant use of EPRONTIA, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with any other carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (e.g., zonisamide or acetazolamide) may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis and may also increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Therefore, patients given EPRONTIA concomitantly with another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor should be monitored particularly closely for the appearance or worsening of metabolic acidosis [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Concomitant administration of topiramate and alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs has not been evaluated in clinical studies. Because of the potential of topiramate to cause CNS depression, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions, EPRONTIA should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.

The possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding may occur in patients taking contraceptive products with EPRONTIA. Patients taking estrogen containing or progestin-only contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns. Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Topiramate C max and AUC increased when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The addition of HCTZ to topiramate may require a decrease in the topiramate dose [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

A decrease in the exposure of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were noted with the concurrent use of pioglitazone and topiramate in a clinical trial. The clinical relevance of these observations is unknown; however, when topiramate is added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to topiramate therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

An increase in systemic exposure of lithium following topiramate doses of up to 600 mg/day can occur. Lithium levels should be monitored when co-administered with high dose topiramate [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Some patients may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presence of topiramate and any adjustments in amitriptyline dose should be made according to the patient's clinical response and not on the basis of plasma levels [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to topiramate during pregnancy. Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll-free number 1-888-233-2334. Information about the North American Drug Pregnancy Registry can be found at http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/.

Topiramate can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in utero have an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and of being small for gestational age (SGA) [see Human Data] . SGA has been observed at all doses and appears to be dose-dependent. The prevalence of SGA is greater in infants of women who received higher doses of topiramate during pregnancy. In addition, the prevalence of SGA in infants of women who continued topiramate use until later in pregnancy is higher compared to the prevalence in infants of women who stopped topiramate use before the third trimester.

In multiple animal species, topiramate produced developmental toxicity, including increased incidences of fetal malformations, in the absence of maternal toxicity at clinically relevant doses [see Animal Data] .

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies are 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing this drug to women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death. Because of the risk of oral clefts to the fetus, which occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, all women of childbearing potential should be informed of the potential risk to the fetus from exposure to topiramate. Women who are planning a pregnancy should be counseled regarding the relative risks and benefits of topiramate use during pregnancy, and alternative therapeutic options should be considered for these patients.

Labor or Delivery

Although the effect of topiramate on labor and delivery in humans has not been established, the development of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis in the mother and/or in the fetus might affect the fetus' ability to tolerate labor.

Topiramate treatment can cause metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] . The effect of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis has not been studied in pregnancy; however, metabolic acidosis in pregnancy (due to other causes) can cause decreased fetal growth, decreased fetal oxygenation, and fetal death, and may affect the fetus' ability to tolerate labor. Pregnant patients should be monitored for metabolic acidosis and treated as in the nonpregnant state [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] . Newborns of mothers treated with topiramate should be monitored for metabolic acidosis because of transfer of topiramate to the fetus and possible occurrence of transient metabolic acidosis following birth.

Based on limited information, topiramate has also been associated with pre-term labor and premature delivery.

Human Data

Data from pregnancy registries indicate an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Other than oral clefts, no specific pattern of major congenital malformations or grouping of major congenital malformation types were observed. In the NAAED pregnancy registry, when topiramate-exposed infants with only oral clefts were excluded, the prevalence of major congenital malformations (4.1%) was higher than that in infants exposed to a reference AED (1.8%) or in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (1.1%). The prevalence of oral clefts among topiramate-exposed infants (1.4%) was higher than the prevalence in infants exposed to a reference AED (0.3%) or the prevalence in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (0.11%). It was also higher than the background prevalence in United States (0.17%) as estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The relative risk of oral clefts in topiramate-exposed pregnancies in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry was 12.5 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.9 – 26.37) as compared to the risk in a background population of untreated women. The UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register reported a prevalence of oral clefts among infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy (3.2%) that was 16 times higher than the background rate in the UK (0.2%).

Data from the NAAED pregnancy registry and a population-based birth registry cohort indicate that exposure to topiramate in utero is associated with an increased risk of SGA newborns (birth weight <10th percentile). In the NAAED pregnancy registry, 19.7% of topiramate-exposed newborns were SGA compared to 7.9% of newborns exposed to a reference AED and 5.4% of newborns of mothers without epilepsy and without AED exposure. In the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), a population-based pregnancy registry, 25% of newborns in the topiramate monotherapy exposure group were SGA compared to 9 % in the comparison group unexposed to AEDs. The long-term consequences of the SGA findings are not known.

Animal Data

When topiramate (0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day) was administered to pregnant mice during the period of organogenesis, incidences of fetal malformations (primarily craniofacial defects) were increased at all doses. Fetal body weights and skeletal ossification were reduced at the highest dose tested in conjunction with decreased maternal body weight gain. A no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in mice was not identified. The lowest dose tested, which was associated with increased malformations, is less than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg/day) or migraine (100 mg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m 2) basis.

In pregnant rats administered topiramate (0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day or 0, 0.2, 2.5, 30, and 400 mg/kg/day) orally during the period of organogenesis, the frequency of limb malformations (ectrodactyly, micromelia, and amelia) was increased in fetuses at 400 and 500 mg/kg/day. Embryotoxicity (reduced fetal body weights, increased incidences of structural variations) was observed at doses as low as 20 mg/kg/day. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were seen at 400 mg/kg/day and above, and maternal body weight gain was reduced at doses of 100 mg/kg/day or greater. The no-effect dose (2.5 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m 2 basis.

In pregnant rabbits administered topiramate (0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg/day or 0, 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg/day) orally during organogenesis, embryofetal mortality was increased at 35 mg/kg/day, and increased incidences of fetal malformations (primarily rib and vertebral malformations) were observed at 120 mg/kg/day. Evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs, and/or mortality) was seen at 35 mg/kg/day and above. The no-effect dose (20 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rabbits is equivalent to the MRHD for epilepsy and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2 basis.

When topiramate (0, 0.2, 4, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day or 0, 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to female rats during the latter part of gestation and throughout lactation, offspring exhibited decreased viability and delayed physical development at 200 mg/kg/day and reductions in pre- and/or postweaning body weight gain at 2 mg/kg/day and above. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs) was evident at 100 mg/kg/day or greater. In a rat embryofetal development study which included postnatal assessment of offspring, oral administration of topiramate (0, 0.2, 2.5, 30, and 400 mg/kg) to pregnant animals during the period of organogenesis resulted in delayed physical development in offspring at 400 mg/kg/day and persistent reductions in body weight gain in offspring at 30 mg/kg/day and higher. The no-effect dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m 2 basis.

Topiramate is excreted in human milk [ see Data] . The effects of topiramate on milk production are unknown. Diarrhea and somnolence have been reported in breastfed infants whose mothers receive topiramate treatment. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for topiramate and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from topiramate or from the underlying maternal condition.

Human Data

Limited data from 5 women with epilepsy treated with topiramate during lactation showed drug levels in milk similar to those in maternal plasma.

Women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy should use effective contraception because of the risk of major congenital malformations, including oral clefts, and the risk of infants being SGA [see Drug Interactions ( 7.4) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] .

Adjunctive Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of EPRONTIA as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome have been established in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1) and Clinical Studies ( 14.2)] .

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the adjunctive therapy treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In a single randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigational trial, the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topiramate oral liquid and sprinkle formulations as an adjunct to concurrent antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatric patients 1 to 24 months of age with refractory partial-onset seizures were assessed. After 20 days of double-blind treatment, topiramate (at fixed doses of 5, 15, and 25 mg/kg/day) did not demonstrate efficacy compared with placebo in controlling seizures.

In general, the adverse reaction profile for topiramate in this population was similar to that of older pediatric patients, although results from the above controlled study and an open-label, long-term extension study in these pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old suggested some adverse reactions/toxicities (not previously observed in older pediatric patients and adults; i.e., growth/length retardation, certain clinical laboratory abnormalities, and other adverse reactions/toxicities that occurred with a greater frequency and/or greater severity than had been recognized previously from studies in older pediatric patients or adults for various indications).

These very young pediatric patients appeared to experience an increased risk for infections (any topiramate dose 12%, placebo 0%) and of respiratory disorders (any topiramate dose 40%, placebo 16%). The following adverse reactions were observed in at least 3% of patients on topiramate and were 3% to 7% more frequent than in patients on placebo: viral infection, bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, cough, and bronchospasm. A generally similar profile was observed in older pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions ( 6)] .

Topiramate resulted in an increased incidence of patients with increased creatinine (any topiramate dose 5%, placebo 0%), BUN (any topiramate dose 3%, placebo 0%), and protein (any topiramate dose 34%, placebo 6%), and an increased incidence of decreased potassium (any topiramate dose 7%, placebo 0%). This increased frequency of abnormal values was not dose-related. Creatinine was the only analyte showing a noteworthy increased incidence (topiramate 25 mg/kg/day 5%, placebo 0%) of a markedly abnormal increase. The significance of these findings is uncertain.

Topiramate treatment also produced a dose-related increase in the percentage of patients who had a shift from normal at baseline to high/increased (above the normal reference range) in total eosinophil count at the end of treatment. The incidence of these abnormal shifts was 6 % for placebo, 10% for 5 mg/kg/day, 9% for 15 mg/kg/day, 14% for 25 mg/kg/day, and 11% for any topiramate dose. There was a mean dose-related increase in alkaline phosphatase. The significance of these findings is uncertain.

Topiramate produced a dose-related increased incidence of hyperammonemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].

Treatment with topiramate for up to 1 year was associated with reductions in Z SCORES for length, weight, and head circumference [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4), Adverse Reactions ( 6)] .

In open-label, uncontrolled experience, increasing impairment of adaptive behavior was documented in behavioral testing over time in this population. There was a suggestion that this effect was dose-related. However, because of the absence of an appropriate control group, it is not known if this decrement in function was treatment-related or reflects the patient's underlying disease (e.g., patients who received higher doses may have more severe underlying disease) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] .

In this open-label, uncontrolled study, the mortality was 37 deaths/1000 patient years. It is not possible to know whether this mortality rate is related to topiramate treatment, because the background mortality rate for a similar, significantly refractory, young pediatric population (1-24 months) with partial epilepsy is not known.

Monotherapy Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of EPRONTIA as monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures have been established in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older [see Clinical Trials Experience ( 6.1), Clinical Studies ( 14.1)] .

A one-year, active-controlled, open-label study with blinded assessments of bone mineral density (BMD) and growth in pediatric patients 4 to 15 years of age, including 63 patients with recent or new onset of epilepsy, was conducted to assess effects of topiramate (N=28, 6-15 years of age) versus levetiracetam (N=35, 4-15 years of age) monotherapy on bone mineralization and on height and weight, which reflect growth. Effects on bone mineralization were evaluated via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood markers. Table 10 summarizes effects of topiramate at 12 months for key safety outcomes including BMD, height, height velocity, and weight. All Least Square Mean values for topiramate and the comparator were positive. Therefore, the Least Square Mean treatment differences shown reflect a topiramate-induced attenuation of the key safety outcomes. Statistically significant effects were observed for decreases in BMD (and bone mineral content) in lumbar spine and total body less head and in weight. Subgroup analyses according to age demonstrated similar negative effects for all key safety outcomes (i.e., BMD, height, weight).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 10: Summary of Topiramate Treatment Difference Results at 12 Months for Key Safety Outcomes</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="42%"/> <col width="42%"/> </colgroup> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-2" name="footnote-2">*</a> </dt> <dd>TBLH=total body less head</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-3" name="footnote-3">†</a> </dt> <dd>Whereas no patients were randomized to 2-5 year age subgroup for topiramate, 5 patients (4-5 years) were randomized to the active control group.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Safety Parameter</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Treatment Difference in Least Square Means (95 % Confidence Interval)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Annual Change in BMD Lumbar Spine (g/cm <span class="Sup">2</span>) </p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.036 (-0.058, -0.014)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Annual Change in BMD TBLH <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2" name="footnote-reference-2">*</a>(g/cm <span class="Sup">2</span>) </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.026 (-0.039, -0.012)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Annual Change in Height (cm) (4-9 years, Primary Analysis Population for Height) <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3" name="footnote-reference-3">†</a> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.84 (-2.67, 0.99)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Annual Change in Height (cm) (4-15 years)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.75 (-2.21, 0.71)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Annual Change in Height (cm) (10-15 years)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-1.01 (-3.64, 1.61)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Height Velocity (cm/year) (4-9 years)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-1.00 (-2.76, 0.76)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Height Velocity (cm/year) (4-15 years)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.98 (-2.33, 0.37)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Height Velocity (cm/year) (10-15 years)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-0.96 (-3.24, 1.32)</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Annual Change in Weight (kg)</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-2.05 (-3.66, -0.45)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) was observed in all topiramate-treated patients at some time in the study [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] . Over the whole study, 76% more topiramate-treated patients experienced persistent metabolic acidosis (i.e. 2 consecutive visits with or final serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. Over the whole study, 35% more topiramate-treated patients experienced a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and ≥ 5 mEq/L decrease from pre-treatment), indicating the frequency of more severe metabolic acidosis, compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. The decrease in BMD at 12 months was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, suggesting that metabolic acidosis was at least a partial factor contributing to this adverse effect on BMD.

Topiramate-treated patients exhibited an increased risk for developing an increased serum creatinine and an increased serum glucose above the normal reference range compared to control patients.

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the monotherapy treatment of epilepsy.

Preventive Treatment of Migraine

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

Safety and effectiveness of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine was studied in 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials in a total of 219 pediatric patients, at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day, or 2 to 3 mg/kg/day. These comprised a fixed dose study in 103 pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3)] , a flexible dose (2 to 3 mg/kg/day), placebo-controlled study in 157 pediatric patients 6 to 16 years of age (including 67 pediatric patients 12 to 16 years of age), and a total of 49 pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age in 3 studies for the preventive treatment of migraine primarily in adults. Open-label extension phases of 3 studies enabled evaluation of long-term safety for up to 6 months after the end of the double-blind phase.

Efficacy of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age is demonstrated for a 100 mg daily dose in Study 13 [see Clinical Studies ( 14.3)] . Efficacy of topiramate (2 to 3 mg/kg/day) for the preventive treatment of migraine was not demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial of 157 pediatric patients (6 to 16 years of age) that included treatment of 67 pediatric patients (12 to 16 years of age) for 20 weeks.

In the pediatric trials (12 to 17 years of age) in which patients were randomized to placebo or a fixed daily dose of topiramate, the most common adverse reactions with topiramate that were seen at an incidence higher (≥5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain [see Adverse Reactions ( 6)] .

The most common cognitive adverse reaction in pooled double-blind studies in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age was difficulty with concentration/attention [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] .

Markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate values indicative of metabolic acidosis were reported in topiramate-treated pediatric migraine patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] .

In topiramate-treated pediatric patients (12 to 17 years of age) compared to placebo-treated patients, abnormally increased results were more frequent for creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, total protein, and platelets. Abnormally decreased results were observed with topiramate vs placebo treatment for phosphorus and bicarbonate [see Clinical Trials Experience ( 6.1)] .

Notable changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse were observed occurred more commonly in pediatric patients treated with topiramate compared to pediatric patients treated with placebo [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2)] .

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 12 Years

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established for the preventive treatment of migraine.

In a double-blind study in 90 pediatric patients 6 to 11 years of age (including 59 topiramate-treated and 31 placebo patients), the adverse reaction profile was generally similar to that seen in pooled double-blind studies of pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age. The most common adverse reactions that occurred in topiramate -treated pediatric patients 6 to 11 years of age, and at least twice as frequently than placebo, were gastroenteritis (12% topiramate, 6% placebo), sinusitis (10% topiramate, 3% placebo), weight loss (8% topiramate, 3% placebo) and paresthesia (7% topiramate, 0% placebo). Difficulty with concentration/attention occurred in 3 topiramate-treated patients (5%) and 0 placebo-treated patients (0%).

The risk for cognitive adverse reaction was greater in younger patients (6 to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 to 17 years of age) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] .

Juvenile Animal Studies

When topiramate (0, 30, 90, and 300 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 12 to 50), bone growth plate thickness was reduced in males at the highest dose. The no-effect dose (90 mg/kg/day) for adverse developmental effects is approximately 2 times the maximum recommended pediatric dose (9 mg/kg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m 2) basis.

In clinical trials, 3% of patients were over age 60. No age-related differences in effectiveness or adverse effects were evident. However, clinical studies of topiramate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Dosage adjustment may be necessary for elderly with age-related renal impairment (creatinine clearance rate <70 mL/min/1.73 m 2) resulting in reduced clearance [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

The clearance of topiramate is reduced in patients with moderate (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and severe (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2) renal impairment. A dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate that is 4 to 6 times greater than in a normal individual. A dosage adjustment may be required [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.6), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3)] .

Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses involving topiramate.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses involving topiramate." }

Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.4)] \n .\n " }

A patient who ingested a dose of topiramate between 96 and 110 g was admitted to a hospital with a coma lasting 20 to 24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "A patient who ingested a dose of topiramate between 96 and 110 g was admitted to a hospital with a coma lasting 20 to 24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days." }

In the event of overdose, EPRONTIA should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until clinical toxicity has been diminished or resolved. Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "In the event of overdose, EPRONTIA should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until clinical toxicity has been diminished or resolved. Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body." }

EPRONTIA (topiramate) oral solution is available as a 25 mg/mL solution for oral administration.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "EPRONTIA (topiramate) oral solution is available as a 25 mg/mL solution for oral administration." }

Topiramate has the molecular formula C 12H 21NO 8S and a molecular weight of 339.36. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di- O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate has the molecular formula C\n 12H \n 21NO\n 8S and a molecular weight of 339.36. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di- \n O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula:\n " }

Topiramate is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. Topiramate is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and having a pH of 9 to 10. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. Topiramate is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and having a pH of 9 to 10. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3." }

EPRONTIA oral solution is colorless to slightly yellow colored clear viscous liquid. EPRONTIA contains the following inactive ingredients: glycerin, methylparaben, mixed berry flavor, polyethylene glycol, propylparaben, and sucralose.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "EPRONTIA oral solution is colorless to slightly yellow colored clear viscous liquid. EPRONTIA contains the following inactive ingredients: glycerin, methylparaben, mixed berry flavor, polyethylene glycol, propylparaben, and sucralose." }

The precise mechanisms by which topiramate exerts its anticonvulsant and preventive migraine effects are unknown; however, preclinical studies have revealed four properties that may contribute to topiramate's efficacy for epilepsy and the preventive treatment of migraine. Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence suggests that topiramate, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, augments the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of the GABA-A receptor, antagonizes the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor, and inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, particularly isozymes II and IV.

Topiramate has anticonvulsant activity in rat and mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) tests. Topiramate is only weakly effective in blocking clonic seizures induced by the GABA A receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Topiramate is also effective in rodent models of epilepsy, which include tonic and absence-like seizures in the spontaneous epileptic rat (SER) and tonic and clonic seizures induced in rats by kindling of the amygdala or by global ischemia.

Changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in vital signs (systolic blood pressure-SBP, diastolic blood pressure-DBP, pulse) occurred more frequently in pediatric patients (6 to 17 years) treated with various daily doses of topiramate (50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 2 to 3 mg/kg) than in patients treated with placebo in controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine. The most notable changes were SBP <90 mm Hg, DBP <50 mm Hg, SBP or DBP increases or decreases ≥20 mm Hg, and pulse increases or decreases ≥30 beats per minute. These changes were often dose-related and were most frequently associated with the greatest treatment difference at the 200 mg dose level. Systematic collection of orthostatic vital signs has not been conducted. The clinical significance of these various changes in vital signs has not been clearly established.

Peak topiramate plasma concentrations (C max) occurred at approximately 0.5 hour after oral administration of EPRONTIA in healthy male subjects under fasting conditions. Oral administration of EPRONTIA with a high-fat and high calorie meal did not affect topiramate AUC 0-t and AUC 0-∞, but lowered the C max by 28% and delayed the T max by 5 hours. Overall, the impact of food-intake on topiramate pharmacokinetics is not expected to be clinically significant, and therefore, EPRONTIA can be administered without regard to food.

The pharmacokinetics of topiramate are linear with dose proportional increases in plasma concentration over the dose range studied (200 to 800 mg/day). The mean plasma elimination half-life is 21 hours after single or multiple doses. Steady-state is thus reached in about 4 days in patients with normal renal function. Topiramate is 15% to 41% bound to human plasma proteins over the blood concentration range of 0.5 to 250 μg/mL. The fraction bound decreased as blood concentration increased.

Carbamazepine and phenytoin do not alter the binding of topiramate. Sodium valproate, at 500 μg/mL (a concentration 5 to 10 times higher than considered therapeutic for valproate) decreased the protein binding of topiramate from 23% to 13%. Topiramate does not influence the binding of sodium valproate.

Metabolism and Excretion

Topiramate is not extensively metabolized and is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine (approximately 70% of an administered dose). Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose. The metabolites are formed via hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. There is evidence of renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate. In rats, given probenecid to inhibit tubular reabsorption, along with topiramate, a significant increase in renal clearance of topiramate was observed. This interaction has not been evaluated in humans. Overall, oral plasma clearance (CL/F) is approximately 20 to 30 mL/min in adults following oral administration.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment

The clearance of topiramate was reduced by 42% in subjects with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and by 54% in subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2) compared to subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance >70 mL/min/1.73 m 2) [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4) and ( 2.5)] .

Hemodialysis

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis. Using a high-efficiency, counterflow, single pass-dialysate hemodialysis procedure, topiramate dialysis clearance was 120 mL/min with blood flow through the dialyzer at 400 mL/min. This high clearance (compared to 20 to 30 mL/min total oral clearance in healthy adults) will remove a clinically significant amount of topiramate from the patient over the hemodialysis treatment period [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.6), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7)] .

Hepatic Impairment

Plasma clearance of topiramate decreased a mean of 26% in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment.

Age, Gender, and Race

The pharmacokinetics of topiramate in elderly subjects (65 to 85 years of age, N=16) were evaluated in a controlled clinical study. The elderly subject population had reduced renal function (creatinine clearance [-20%]) compared to young adults. Following a single oral 100 mg dose, maximum plasma concentration for elderly and young adults was achieved at approximately 1 to 2 hours. Reflecting the primary renal elimination of topiramate, topiramate plasma and renal clearance were reduced 21% and 19%, respectively, in elderly subjects, compared to young adults. Similarly, topiramate half-life was longer (13%) in the elderly. Reduced topiramate clearance resulted in slightly higher maximum plasma concentration (23%) and AUC (25%) in elderly subjects than observed in young adults. Topiramate clearance is decreased in the elderly only to the extent that renal function is reduced [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5)] .

Clearance of topiramate in adults was not affected by gender or race.

Pediatric Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of topiramate were evaluated in patients age 2 to <16 years. Patients received either no or a combination of other antiepileptic drugs. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed on the basis of pharmacokinetic data from relevant topiramate clinical studies. This dataset contained data from 1217 subjects including 258 pediatric patients age 2 to <16 years (95 pediatric patients <10 years of age).

Pediatric patients on adjunctive treatment exhibited a higher oral clearance (L/h) of topiramate compared to patients on monotherapy, presumably because of increased clearance from concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. In comparison, topiramate clearance per kg is greater in pediatric patients than in adults and in young pediatric patients (down to 2 years) than in older pediatric patients. Consequently, the plasma drug concentration for the same mg/kg/day dose would be lower in pediatric patients compared to adults and also in younger pediatric patients compared to older pediatric patients. Clearance was independent of dose.

As in adults, hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs decrease the steady state plasma concentrations of topiramate.

Pediatric Patients with Obesity

A population PK analysis of topiramate was conducted in 129 children <21 years of age with and without obesity to evaluate the potential impact of obesity on plasma topiramate exposures. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex based on CDC-recommended BMI-for-age growth charts for males and females. Using the currently recommended dosing regimens, children with obesity are likely to have median values of average concentration at steady-state and trough concentration at steady-state that are up to 20% lower, and 19% lower, respectively, compared to children without obesity. Dosage adjustment according to obesity status is not necessary.

Drug Interactions

In vitro studies indicate that topiramate does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4/5 isozymes. In vitro studies indicate that topiramate is a mild inhibitor of CYP2C19 and a mild inducer of CYP3A4.

Antiepileptic Drugs

Potential interactions between topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in Table 11.

In Table 11, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the co-administered AED listed in the first column when topiramate is added. The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the co-administration of a drug listed in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 11: Summary of AED Interactions with Topiramate</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> </colgroup> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-4" name="footnote-4">*</a> </dt> <dd>Plasma concentration increased 25% in some patients, generally those on a twice a day dosing regimen of phenytoin.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-5" name="footnote-5">†</a> </dt> <dd>Is not administered but is an active metabolite of carbamazepine.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">AED <br/> Co-administered </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">AED <br/> Concentration </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Topiramate <br/> Concentration </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Phenytoin</p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NC or 25% increase <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4" name="footnote-reference-4">*</a> </p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">48% decrease</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Carbamazepine (CBZ)</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NC</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">40% decrease</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">CBZ epoxide <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-5" name="footnote-reference-5">†</a> </p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NC</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NE</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Valproic acid</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">11% decrease</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">14% decrease</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Phenobarbital</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NC</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NE</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Primidone</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NC</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NE</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Lamotrigine</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">NC at TPM doses up to 400 mg/day</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">13% decrease</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Sup">NC = Less than 10% change in plasma concentration.</span> </p> <p> <span class="Sup">AED = Antiepileptic drug.</span> </p> <p> <span class="Sup">NE = Not Evaluated.</span> </p> <p>TPM = Topiramate</p> </td><td valign="top"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Oral Contraceptives

In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE), topiramate, given in the absence of other medications at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day, was not associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, topiramate (50 mg/day to 800 mg/day) did not significantly affect exposure to NET and there was no significant dose-dependent change in EE exposure for doses of 50 to 200 mg/day. The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known [see Drug Interactions ( 7.4)] .

Digoxin

In a single-dose study, serum digoxin AUC was decreased by 12% with concomitant topiramate administration. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been established.

Hydrochlorothiazide

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (25 mg every 24 hours) and topiramate (96 mg every 12 hours) when administered alone and concomitantly. The results of this study indicate that topiramate C max increased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of topiramate. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum potassium after topiramate or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and topiramate were administered in combination.

Metformin

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin (500 mg every 12 hours) and topiramate in plasma when metformin was given alone and when metformin and topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) were given simultaneously. The results of this study indicated that the mean metformin C max and AUC 0-12h increased by 18% and 25%, respectively, when topiramate was added. Topiramate did not affect metformin t max. The clinical significance of the effect of topiramate on metformin pharmacokinetics is not known. Oral plasma clearance of topiramate appears to be reduced when administered with metformin. The clinical significance of the effect of metformin on topiramate pharmacokinetics is unclear.

Pioglitazone

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and pioglitazone when administered alone and concomitantly. A 15% decrease in the AUC t,ss of pioglitazone with no alteration in C max,ss was observed. This finding was not statistically significant. In addition, a 13% and 16% decrease in C max,ss and AUC t,ss respectively, of the active hydroxy-metabolite was noted as well as a 60% decrease in C max,ss and AUC t,ss of the active keto-metabolite. The clinical significance of these findings is not known.

Glyburide

A drug-drug interaction study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of glyburide (5 mg/day) alone and concomitantly with topiramate (150 mg/day). There was a 22% decrease in C max and a 25% reduction in AUC 24 for glyburide during topiramate administration. Systemic exposure (AUC) of the active metabolites, 4- trans-hydroxy-glyburide (M1) and 3- cis-hydroxyglyburide (M2), was also reduced by 13% and 15%, and C max was reduced by 18% and 25%, respectively. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate were unaffected by concomitant administration of glyburide.

Lithium

In patients, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with topiramate at doses of 200 mg/day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure of lithium (27% for C max and 26% for AUC) following topiramate doses up to 600 mg/day [see Drug Interactions ( 7.7)] .

Haloperidol

The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of haloperidol (5 mg) were not affected following multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 13 healthy adults (6 males, 7 females).

Amitriptyline

There was a 12% increase in AUC and C max for amitriptyline (25 mg per day) in 18 healthy subjects (9 males, 9 females) receiving 200 mg/day of topiramate.

Sumatriptan

Multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) in 24 healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single-dose sumatriptan either orally (100 mg) or subcutaneously (6 mg).

Risperidone

When administered concomitantly with topiramate at escalating doses of 100, 250, and 400 mg/day, there was a reduction in risperidone systemic exposure (16% and 33% for steady-state AUC at the 250 and 400 mg/day doses of topiramate). No alterations of 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels were observed. Co-administration of topiramate 400 mg/day with risperidone resulted in a 14% increase in C max and a 12% increase in AUC 12 of topiramate. There were no clinically significant changes in the systemic exposure of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone or of topiramate; therefore, this interaction is not likely to be of clinical significance.

Propranolol

Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 34 healthy volunteers (17 males, 17 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of propranolol following daily 160 mg doses. Propranolol doses of 160 mg/day in 39 volunteers (27 males, 12 females) had no effect on the exposure to topiramate, at a dose of 200 mg/day of topiramate.

Dihydroergotamine

Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine. Similarly, a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 200 mg/day dose of topiramate in the same study.

Diltiazem

Co-administration of diltiazem (240 mg Cardizem CD ®) with topiramate (150 mg/day) resulted in a 10% decrease in C max and a 25% decrease in diltiazem AUC, a 27% decrease in C max and an 18% decrease in des-acetyl diltiazem AUC, and no effect on N-desmethyl diltiazem. Co-administration of topiramate with diltiazem resulted in a 16% increase in C max and a 19% increase in AUC 12 of topiramate.

Venlafaxine

Multiple dosing of topiramate (150 mg/day) in healthy volunteers did not affect the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine or O-desmethyl venlafaxine. Multiple dosing of venlafaxine (150 mg) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of topiramate.

Carcinogenesis

An increase in urinary bladder tumors was observed in mice given topiramate (0, 20, 75, and 300 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 21 months. The increase in the incidence of bladder tumors in males and females receiving 300 mg/kg/day was primarily due to the increased occurrence of a smooth muscle tumor considered histomorphologically unique to mice. The higher of the doses not associated with an increase in tumors (75 mg/kg/day) is equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg), and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine (100 mg) on a mg/m 2 basis. The relevance of this finding to human carcinogenic risk is uncertain. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in rats following oral administration of topiramate for 2 years at doses up to 120 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 12 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2 basis).

Mutagenesis

Topiramate did not demonstrate genotoxic potential when tested in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Topiramate was not mutagenic in the Ames test or the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay; it did not increase unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro; and it did not increase chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro or in rat bone marrow in vivo.

Impairment of Fertility

No adverse effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats administered topiramate orally at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 10 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2 basis) prior to and during mating and early pregnancy.

Patients with Partial-Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The effectiveness of topiramate as initial monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (Study 1).

Study 1 was conducted in 487 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (6 to 83 years of age) who had 1 or 2 well-documented seizures during the 3-month retrospective baseline phase who then entered the study and received topiramate 25 mg/day for 7 days in an open-label fashion. Forty-nine percent of patients had no prior AED treatment and 17% had a diagnosis of epilepsy for greater than 24 months. Any AED therapy used for temporary or emergency purposes was discontinued prior to randomization. In the double-blind phase, 470 patients were randomized to titrate up to 50 mg/day or 400 mg/day. If the target dose could not be achieved, patients were maintained on the maximum tolerated dose. Fifty-eight percent of patients achieved the maximal dose of 400 mg/day for >2 weeks, and patients who did not tolerate 150 mg/day were discontinued.

The primary efficacy assessment was a between-group comparison of time to first seizure during the double-blind phase. Comparison of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of time to first seizure favored the topiramate 400 mg/day group over the topiramate 50 mg/day group ( Figure 1). The treatment effects with respect to time to first seizure were consistent across various patient subgroups defined by age, sex, geographic region, baseline body weight, baseline seizure type, time since diagnosis, and baseline AED use.

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Cumulative Rates for Time to First Seizure in Study 1

Pediatric Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age

The conclusion that topiramate is effective as initial monotherapy in pediatric patients 2 to 9 years of age with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was based on a pharmacometric bridging approach using data from the controlled epilepsy trials described in labeling. This approach consisted of first showing a similar exposure-response relationship between pediatric patients down to 2 years of age and adults when topiramate was given as adjunctive therapy. Similarity of exposure response was also demonstrated in pediatric patients 6 to less than 16 years of age and adults when topiramate was given as initial monotherapy. Specific dosing in pediatric patients 2 to 9 years of age was derived from simulations utilizing plasma exposure ranges observed in pediatric and adult patients treated with topiramate initial monotherapy [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1)] .

Adult Patients with Partial-Onset Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for adults with partial-onset seizures was established in six multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Studies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7), two comparing several dosages of topiramate and placebo and four comparing a single dosage with placebo, in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures.

Patients in these studies were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In each study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during baseline phase lasting between 4 and 12 weeks. Patients who experienced a pre-specified minimum number of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, during the baseline phase (12 seizures for 12-week baseline, 8 for 8-week baseline or 3 for 4-week baseline) were randomly assigned to placebo or a specified dose of topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. In five of the six studies, patients received active drug beginning at 100 mg per day; the dose was then increased by 100 mg or 200 mg/day increments weekly or every other week until the assigned dose was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. In the sixth study (Study 7), the 25 or 50 mg/day initial doses of topiramate were followed by respective weekly increments of 25 or 50 mg/day until the target dose of 200 mg/day was reached. After titration, patients entered a 4, 8 or 12-week stabilization period. The numbers of patients randomized to each dose and the actual mean and median doses in the stabilization period are shown in Table 12.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 16 Years of Age with Partial-Onset Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 8), comparing topiramate and placebo in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures (see Table 13).

Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In this study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least six partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures, during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 25 or 50 mg/day; the dose was then increased by 25 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dosage of 125, 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period.

Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 9), comparing a single dosage of topiramate and placebo (see Table 13).

Patients in Study 9 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least three primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 50 mg/day for four weeks; the dose was then increased by 50 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dose of 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' body weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered a 12-week stabilization period.

Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox- Gastaut syndrome was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 10) comparing a single dosage of topiramate with placebo in patients 2 years of age and older (see Table 13).

Patients in Study 10 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients who were experiencing at least 60 seizures per month before study entry were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during a 4-week baseline phase. Following baseline, patients were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Active drug was titrated beginning at 1 mg/kg/day for a week; the dose was then increased to 3 mg/kg/day for one week, then to 6 mg/kg/day. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period.

The primary measures of effectiveness were the percent reduction in drop attacks and a parental global rating of seizure severity.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 12: Topiramate Dose Summary During the Stabilization Periods of Each of Six Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trials in Adults with Partial-Onset Seizures <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-6" name="footnote-reference-6">*</a></span> </caption> <col width="9%"/> <col width="18%"/> <col width="11%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="9%"/> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="8"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-6" name="footnote-6">*</a> </dt> <dd>Dose-response studies were not conducted for other indications or pediatric partial-onset seizures.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-7" name="footnote-7">†</a> </dt> <dd>Placebo dosages are given as the number of tablets. Placebo target dosages were as follows: Protocol 3 4 tablets/day; Protocols 1 and 4, 6 tablets/day; Protocols 5 and 6, 8 tablets/day; Protocol 2, 10 tablets/day.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Study</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Stabilization Dose</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-7" name="footnote-reference-7">†</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="5" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Target TOPIRAMATE Dosage (mg/day)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">200</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">400</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">600</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">800</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">1,000</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> <p>Mean Dose</p> <p>Median Dose</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">42</p> <p>5.9</p> <p>6.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">42</p> <p>200</p> <p>200</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">40</p> <p>390</p> <p>400</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">41</p> <p>556</p> <p>600</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> <p>Mean Dose</p> <p>Median Dose</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">44</p> <p>9.7</p> <p>10.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">40</p> <p>544</p> <p>600</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">45</p> <p>739</p> <p>800</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">40</p> <p>796</p> <p>1,000</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> <p>Mean Dose</p> <p>Median Dose</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">23</p> <p>3.8</p> <p>4.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">19</p> <p>395</p> <p>400</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> <p>Mean Dose</p> <p>Median Dose</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30</p> <p>5.7</p> <p>6.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">28</p> <p>522</p> <p>600</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> <p>Mean Dose</p> <p>Median Dose</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">28</p> <p>7.9</p> <p>8.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">25</p> <p>568</p> <p>600</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> <p>Mean Dose</p> <p>Median Dose</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">90</p> <p>8</p> <p>8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">157</p> <p>200</p> <p>200</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In all adjunctive trials, the reduction in seizure rate from baseline during the entire double-blind phase was measured. The median percent reductions in seizure rates and the responder rates (fraction of patients with at least a 50% reduction) by treatment group for each study are shown below in Table 13. As described above, a global improvement in seizure severity was also assessed in the Lennox-Gastaut trial.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 13: Efficacy Results in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials</span> </caption> <col width="9%"/> <col width="14%"/> <col width="9%"/> <col width="7%"/> <col width="7%"/> <col width="7%"/> <col width="7%"/> <col width="8%"/> <col width="16%"/> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="9"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-8" name="footnote-8">*</a> </dt> <dd>For Studies 8 and 9, specified target dosages (&lt;9.3 mg/kg/day) were assigned based on subject's weight to approximate a dosage of 6mg/kg per day; these dosages corresponded to mg/day dosages of 125, 175, 225, and 400 mg/day.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Study#</span> </p> </td><td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">#</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="7" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Target TOPIRAMATE Dosage (mg per day)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">200</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">400</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">600</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">800</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">1,000</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">≈6mg/kg/day</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-8" name="footnote-reference-8">*</a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="9" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Partial-Onset Seizures Studies in Adults</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">45</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">45</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">45</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">46</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">27 <span class="Sup">a</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">48 <span class="Sup">b</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">45 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">18</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">24</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">44 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">46 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">47</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">48</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">48</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">47</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">41 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">41 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">36 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">40 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">41 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">36 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">24</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">23</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">41 <span class="Sup">e</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">35 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-12</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">46 <span class="Sup">f</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">47 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">28</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">28</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-21</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">24 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">43 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">91</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">168</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">20</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">44 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">24</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">45 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="9" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Partial-Onset Seizures Studies in Pediatric Patients</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">45</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">41</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">33 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">20</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">39</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="9" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic <span class="Sup">h</span></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">40</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">39</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">57 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">20</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">56 <span class="Sup">c</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="9" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome <span class="Sup">i</span></span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">10</p> </td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">N</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">49</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">46</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median % Reduction</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">-5</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">--</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">15 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">% Responders</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">14</p> </td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">28 <span class="Sup">g</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"> <p class="First">Improvement in Seizure Severity <span class="Sup">j</span> </p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">28</p> </td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td valign="top"></td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">52 <span class="Sup">d</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td colspan="9" valign="top"> <p class="First">Comparisons with placebo: <span class="Sup">a</span>p=0.080; <span class="Sup">b</span>p ≤ 0.010; <span class="Sup">c</span>p ≤ 0.001; <span class="Sup">d</span>p ≤ 0.050; <span class="Sup">e</span>p=0.065; <span class="Sup">f</span>p≤0.005; <span class="Sup">g</span>p=0.071; </p> <p> <span class="Sup">h</span>Median % reduction and % responders are reported for PGTC seizures; </p> <p> <span class="Sup">i</span>Median % reduction and % responders for drop attacks, i.e., tonic or atonic seizures; </p> <p> <span class="Sup">j</span>Percentage of subjects who were minimally, much, or very much improved from baseline. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Subset analyses of the antiepileptic efficacy of topiramate tablets in these studies showed no differences as a function of gender, race, age, baseline seizure rate, or concomitant AED.

In clinical trials for epilepsy, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 50 to 100 mg/day in adults and over a 2- to 8-week period in pediatric patients; transition was permitted to a new antiepileptic regimen when clinically indicated.

Adult Patients

The results of 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials established the effectiveness of topiramate in the preventive treatment of migraine. The design of both trials (Study 11 was conducted in the U.S. and Study 12 was conducted in the U.S. and Canada) was identical, enrolling patients with a history of migraine, with or without aura, for at least 6 months, according to the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria. Patients with a history of cluster headaches or basilar, ophthalmoplegic, hemiplegic, or transformed migraine headaches were excluded from the trials. Patients were required to have completed up to a 2-week washout of any prior migraine preventive medications before starting the baseline phase.

Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine headaches over the 4 weeks in the baseline phase were randomized to either topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day, or placebo and treated for a total of 26 weeks (8-week titration period and 18-week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily).

Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the reduction in migraine headache frequency, as measured by the change in 4-week migraine rate (according to migraines classified by IHS criteria) from the baseline phase to double-blind treatment period in each topiramate treatment group compared to placebo in the Intent-To-Treat (ITT) population.

In Study 11, a total of 469 patients (416 females, 53 males), ranging in age from 13 to 70 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred sixty-five patients completed the entire 26-week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 48 mg/day, 88 mg/day, and 132 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively.

The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches/28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4-week migraine headache frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.3, -2.1, and -2.2 in the topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -0.8 in the placebo group (see Figure 2). The treatment differences between the topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p<0.001 for both comparisons).

In Study 12, a total of 468 patients (406 females, 62 males), ranging in age from 12 to 65 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred fifty-five patients completed the entire 26-week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 47 mg/day, 86 mg/day, and 150 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively.

The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches/28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4-week migraine headache period frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.4, -2.1, and -2.4 in the topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -1.1 in the placebo group (see Figure 2). The differences between the topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p=0.008 and p <0.001, respectively).

In both studies, there were no apparent differences in treatment effect within age or gender subgroups. Because most patients were Caucasian, there were insufficient numbers of patients from different races to make a meaningful comparison of race.

For patients withdrawing from topiramate, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 25 to 50 mg/day.

Figure 2: Reduction in 4-Week Migraine Headache Frequency

(Studies 11 and 12 for Adults and Adolescents)

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

The effectiveness of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (Study 13). The study enrolled 103 patients (40 male, 63 female) 12 to 17 years of age with episodic migraine headaches with or without aura. Patient selection was based on IHS criteria for migraines (using proposed revisions to the 1988 IHS pediatric migraine criteria [IHS-R criteria]).

Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine attacks (according to migraines classified by patient reported diaries) and ≤14 headache days (migraine and non-migraine) during the 4-week prospective baseline period were randomized to either topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, or placebo and treated for a total of 16 weeks (4-week titration period followed by a 12-week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily). Approximately 80% or more patients in each treatment group completed the study. The median average daily dosages were 45 and 79 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50 and 100 mg/day, respectively.

Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by comparing each topiramate treatment group to placebo (ITT population) for the percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in the monthly migraine attack rate (primary endpoint). The percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly migraine attack rate is shown in Table 14.

The 100 mg topiramate dose produced a statistically significant treatment difference relative to placebo of 28% reduction from baseline in the monthly migraine attack rate.

The mean reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly attack rate, a key secondary efficacy endpoint in Study 13 (and the primary efficacy endpoint in Studies 11 and 12, of adults) was 3.0 for 100 mg topiramate dose and 1.7 for placebo. This 1.3 treatment difference in mean reduction from baseline of monthly migraine rate was statistically significant (p = 0.0087).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 14: Percent Reduction from Baseline to the Last 12 Weeks of Double-Blind Phase in Average Monthly Attack Rate: Study 13 (Intent-to-Treat Analysis Set)</span> </caption> <col width="21%"/> <col width="21%"/> <col width="21%"/> <col width="22%"/> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-9" name="footnote-9">*</a> </dt> <dd>P-values (two-sided) for comparisons relative to placebo are generated by applying an ANCOVA model on ranks that includes subject's stratified age at baseline, treatment group, and analysis center as factors and monthly migraine attack rate during baseline period as a covariate.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-10" name="footnote-10">†</a> </dt> <dd>P-values for the dose groups are the adjusted p-value according to the Hochberg multiple comparison procedure.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-11" name="footnote-11">‡</a> </dt> <dd>Indicates p-value is &lt;0.05 (two-sided).</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First First Toprule"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Category</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo <br/> (N=33) </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">TOPIRAMATE <br/> 50 mg/day <br/> (N=35) </span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">TOPIRAMATE <br/> 100 mg/day <br/> (N=35) </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Baseline</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Median</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3.6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4.0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Last 12 Weeks of Double-Blind Phase</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Median</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Toprule" colspan="4" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Percent Reduction (%)</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">Median</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">44.4</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">44.6</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">72.2</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last Last"> <td valign="top"> <p class="First">P-value vs. Placebo <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-9" name="footnote-reference-9">*</a><span class="Sup">,</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-10" name="footnote-reference-10">†</a> </p> </td><td valign="top"></td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.7975</p> </td><td align="center" valign="top"> <p class="First">0.0164 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-11" name="footnote-reference-11">‡</a> </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

EPRONTIA oral solution 25 mg/mL is supplied as a colorless to slightly yellow colored clear viscous liquid in white HDPE bottles. It is available as follows:

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="3.6pt" width="50%"> <col width="28%"/> <col width="28%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">NDC</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Size</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 52652-9001-3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First">120 mL</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 52652-9001-2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First">240 mL</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">NDC 52652-9001-1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="bottom"> <p class="First">473 mL</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

EPRONTIA is stored at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15°C to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Discard unused portion 90 days after first opening.

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide)." }

Eye Disorders

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nEye Disorders\n" }

Instruct patients taking EPRONTIA to seek immediate medical attention if they experience blurred vision, visual disturbances, or periorbital pain [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1, 5.2)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients taking EPRONTIA to seek immediate medical attention if they experience blurred vision, visual disturbances, or periorbital pain \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.1, \n 5.2)]\n .\n " }

Oligohidrosis and Hyperthermia

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nOligohidrosis and Hyperthermia\n" }

Closely monitor EPRONTIA treated patients, especially pediatric patients, for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Counsel patients to contact their healthcare professionals immediately if they develop a high or persistent fever, or decreased sweating [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Closely monitor EPRONTIA treated patients, especially pediatric patients, for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Counsel patients to contact their healthcare professionals immediately if they develop a high or persistent fever, or decreased sweating \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.3)]\n .\n " }

Metabolic Acidosis

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMetabolic Acidosis\n" }

Warn patients about the potential significant risk for metabolic acidosis that may be asymptomatic and may be associated with adverse effects on kidneys (e.g., kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis), bones (e.g., osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and/or rickets in children), and growth (e.g., growth delay/retardation) in pediatric patients, and on the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Warn patients about the potential significant risk for metabolic acidosis that may be asymptomatic and may be associated with adverse effects on kidneys (e.g., kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis), bones (e.g., osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and/or rickets in children), and growth (e.g., growth delay/retardation) in pediatric patients, and on the fetus \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.4), Use in Specific Populations (\n 8.1)]\n .\n " }

Suicidal Behavior and Ideation

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSuicidal Behavior and Ideation\n" }

Counsel patients, their caregivers, and families that AEDs, including EPRONTIA, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, and advise of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, or behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Instruct patients to immediately report behaviors of concern to their healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Counsel patients, their caregivers, and families that AEDs, including EPRONTIA, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, and advise of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, or behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Instruct patients to immediately report behaviors of concern to their healthcare providers \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.5)]\n .\n " }

Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nInterference with Cognitive and Motor Performance\n" }

Warn patients about the potential for somnolence, dizziness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, or visual effects, and advise patients not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on EPRONTIA to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental performance, motor performance, and/or vision [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Warn patients about the potential for somnolence, dizziness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, or visual effects, and advise patients not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on EPRONTIA to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental performance, motor performance, and/or vision \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.6)]\n .\n " }

Even when taking EPRONTIA or other anticonvulsants, some patients with epilepsy will continue to have unpredictable seizures. Therefore, advise all patients taking EPRONTIA for epilepsy to exercise appropriate caution when engaging in any activities where loss of consciousness could result in serious danger to themselves or those around them (including swimming, driving a car, climbing in high places, etc.). Some patients with refractory epilepsy will need to avoid such activities altogether. Discuss the appropriate level of caution with patients before patients with epilepsy engage in such activities.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Even when taking EPRONTIA or other anticonvulsants, some patients with epilepsy will continue to have unpredictable seizures. Therefore, advise all patients taking EPRONTIA for epilepsy to exercise appropriate caution when engaging in any activities where loss of consciousness could result in serious danger to themselves or those around them (including swimming, driving a car, climbing in high places, etc.). Some patients with refractory epilepsy will need to avoid such activities altogether. Discuss the appropriate level of caution with patients before patients with epilepsy engage in such activities." }

Fetal Toxicity

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFetal Toxicity\n" }

Inform pregnant women and women of childbearing potential that use of EPRONTIA during pregnancy can cause fetal harm. EPRONTIA increases the risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), which occur early in pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant. Also inform patients that infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy in utero may be SGA [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] . There may also be risks to the fetus from chronic metabolic acidosis with use of EPRONTIA during pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] . When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform pregnant women and women of childbearing potential that use of EPRONTIA during pregnancy can cause fetal harm. EPRONTIA increases the risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), which occur early in pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant. Also inform patients that infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy \n in utero may be SGA \n [see Use in Specific Populations (\n 8.1)]\n . There may also be risks to the fetus from chronic metabolic acidosis with use of EPRONTIA during pregnancy \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.7), Use in Specific Populations (\n 8.1)]\n . When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options.\n " }

Advise women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy to use effective contraception while using EPRONTIA, keeping in mind that there is a potential for decreased contraceptive efficacy when using estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives with topiramate [see Drug Interactions ( 7.4)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy to use effective contraception while using EPRONTIA, keeping in mind that there is a potential for decreased contraceptive efficacy when using estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives with topiramate \n [see Drug Interactions (\n 7.4)]\n .\n " }

Encourage pregnant women using EPRONTIA, to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. The registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Encourage pregnant women using EPRONTIA, to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. The registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy \n [see Use in Specific Populations (\n 8.1)]\n .\n " }

Decrease in Bone Mineral Density

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDecrease in Bone Mineral Density\n" }

Inform the patient or caregiver that long-term treatment with EPRONTIA can decrease bone formation and increase bone resorption in children [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.9)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform the patient or caregiver that long-term treatment with EPRONTIA can decrease bone formation and increase bone resorption in children \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.9)]. \n \n" }

Negative Effects on Growth (Height and Weight)

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nNegative Effects on Growth (Height and Weight)\n" }

Discuss with the patient or caregiver that long-term EPRONTIA treatment may attenuate growth as reflected by slower height increase and weight gain in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.10)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Discuss with the patient or caregiver that long-term EPRONTIA treatment may attenuate growth as reflected by slower height increase and weight gain in pediatric patients \n [see Warnings and Precautions (\n 5.10)]. \n \n" }

Serious Skin Reactions

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSerious Skin Reactions\n" }

Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider at the first appearance of skin rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider at the first appearance of skin rash \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].\n" }

Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHyperammonemia and Encephalopathy\n" }

Warn patients about the possible development of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although hyperammonemia may be asymptomatic, clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. This hyperammonemia and encephalopathy can develop with EPRONTIA treatment alone or with EPRONTIA treatment with concomitant valproic acid (VPA).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Warn patients about the possible development of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although hyperammonemia may be asymptomatic, clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. This hyperammonemia and encephalopathy can develop with EPRONTIA treatment alone or with EPRONTIA treatment with concomitant valproic acid (VPA)." }

Instruct patients to contact their physician if they develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients to contact their physician if they develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].\n " }

Kidney Stones

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nKidney Stones\n" }

Instruct patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to minimize the risk of kidney stone formation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to minimize the risk of kidney stone formation \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)].\n " }

Administration Instructions

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAdministration Instructions\n" }

Counsel patients that EPRONTIA may be taken with or without food. Advise patients that the dosage of EPRONTIA should be measured using a calibrated measuring device and not a household teaspoon and they may ask their pharmacist for an oral dosing syringe if you do not have one. Instruct patients to discard any unused EPRONTIA after 90 days of first opening the bottle [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Counsel patients that EPRONTIA may be taken with or without food. Advise patients that the dosage of EPRONTIA should be measured using a calibrated measuring device and not a household teaspoon and they may ask their pharmacist for an oral dosing syringe if you do not have one. Instruct patients to discard any unused EPRONTIA after 90 days of first opening the bottle \n [see Dosage and Administration (\n 2.4)] \n .\n " }

Instructions for a Missing Dose

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nInstructions for a Missing Dose\n" }

Instruct patients that if they miss a single dose of EPRONTIA, it should be taken as soon as possible. However, if a patient is within 6 hours of taking the next scheduled dose, tell the patient to wait until then to take the usual dose of EPRONTIA, and to skip the missed dose. Tell patients that they should not take a double dose in the event of a missed dose. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they have missed a dose.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Instruct patients that if they miss a single dose of EPRONTIA, it should be taken as soon as possible. However, if a patient is within 6 hours of taking the next scheduled dose, tell the patient to wait until then to take the usual dose of EPRONTIA, and to skip the missed dose. Tell patients that they should not take a double dose in the event of a missed dose. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they have missed a dose." }

EPRONTIA is a registered trademark of Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "EPRONTIA is a registered trademark of Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc." }

Manufactured for: Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Woburn, MA 01801

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Manufactured for: \n Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. \n Woburn, MA 01801\n " }

Patent: https://azurity.com/patents_and_trademarks/

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Patent: https://azurity.com/patents_and_trademarks/" }

This product's labeling may have been updated. For current Full Prescribing Information, please visit www.eprontia.com

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This product's labeling may have been updated. For current Full Prescribing Information, please visit www.eprontia.com" }

PN: 65628-00603

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PN: 65628-00603" }

REV #: 09

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "REV #: 09" }

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <col width="61%"/> <col width="39%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">MEDICATION GUIDE <br/> EPRONTIA <span class="Sup">® </span></span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">[ee-pron-tee-ah]</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(topiramate) oral solution</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What is the most important information I should know about EPRONTIA?</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">EPRONTIA may cause eye problems.</span>Serious eye problems include: </p> <ul> <li>any sudden decrease in vision with or without eye pain and redness.</li> <li>a blockage of fluid in the eye causing increased pressure in the eye (secondary angle closure glaucoma).</li> <li>These eye problems can lead to permanent loss of vision if not treated.</li> <li>You should call your healthcare provider right away if you have any new eye symptoms, including any new problems with your vision.</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">EPRONTIA may cause decreased sweating and increased body temperature (fever).</span>People, especially children, should be watched for signs of decreased sweating and fever, especially in hot temperatures. Some people may need to be hospitalized for this condition. If a high fever, a fever that does not go away, or decreased sweating develops, call your healthcare provider right away. </p> <p> <span class="Bold">EPRONTIA can increase the level of acid in your blood (metabolic acidosis). </span>If left untreated, metabolic acidosis can cause brittle or soft bones (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia), kidney stones, can slow the rate of growth in children, and may possibly harm your baby if you are pregnant. Metabolic acidosis can happen with or without symptoms. Sometimes people with metabolic acidosis will: </p> <ul> <li>feel tired</li> <li>not feel hungry (loss of appetite)</li> <li>feel changes in heartbeat</li> <li>have trouble thinking clearly</li> </ul> <p>Your healthcare provider should do a blood test to measure the level of acid in your blood before and during your treatment with EPRONTIA. If you are pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare provider about whether you have metabolic acidosis.</p> <p> <span class="Bold">Like other antiepileptic drugs, EPRONTIA may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <ul> <li>thoughts about suicide or dying</li> <li>new or worse depression</li> <li>feeling agitated or restless</li> <li>trouble sleeping (insomnia)</li> <li>acting aggressive, being angry, or violent</li> <li>an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)</li> </ul> </td><td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <ul> <li>attempts to commit suicide</li> <li>new or worse anxiety</li> <li>panic attacks</li> <li>new or worse irritability</li> <li>acting on dangerous impulses</li> <li>other unusual changes in behavior or mood</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Do not stop EPRONTIA without first talking to a healthcare provider.</span> </p> <ul> <li>Stopping EPRONTIA suddenly can cause serious problems.</li> <li>Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?</span> </p> <ul> <li>Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.</li> <li>Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.</li> <li>Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">EPRONTIA can harm your unborn baby.</span> </p> <ul> <li>If you take EPRONTIA during pregnancy, your baby has a higher risk for birth defects including cleft lip and cleft palate. These defects can begin early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant.</li> <li>Birth defects may happen even in children born to women who are not taking any medicines and do not have other risk factors.</li> <li>There may be other medicines to treat your condition that have a lower chance of birth defects.</li> <li>All women of childbearing age should talk to their healthcare providers about using other possible treatments instead of EPRONTIA. If the decision is made to use EPRONTIA, you should use effective birth control (contraception) unless you are planning to become pregnant. You should talk to your doctor about the best kind of birth control to use while you are taking EPRONTIA.</li> <li>Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking EPRONTIA. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will continue to take EPRONTIA while you are pregnant.</li> <li>If you take EPRONTIA during pregnancy, your baby may be smaller than expected at birth. The long-term effects of this are not known. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions about this risk during pregnancy.</li> <li>Metabolic acidosis may have harmful effects on your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if EPRONTIA has caused metabolic acidosis during your pregnancy.</li> <li>Pregnancy Registry: If you become pregnant while taking EPRONTIA, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of EPRONTIA and other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">EPRONTIA may decrease the density of bones when used over a long period.</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">EPRONTIA may slow height increase and weight gain in children and adolescents when used over a long period.</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What is EPRONTIA?</span> </p> <p>EPRONTIA is a prescription medicine used:</p> <p>• to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures) in adults and children 2 years and older.</p> <p>• with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in adults and children 2 years and older.</p> <p>• to prevent migraine headaches in adults and adolescents 12 years and older.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Before taking EPRONTIA, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:</span> </p> <ul> <li>have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior.</li> <li>have kidney problems, have kidney stones, or are getting kidney dialysis.</li> <li>have a history of metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood).</li> <li>have liver problems.</li> <li>have weak, brittle, or soft bones (osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or decreased bone density).</li> <li>have lung or breathing problems.</li> <li>have eye problems, especially glaucoma.</li> <li>have diarrhea.</li> <li>have a growth problem.</li> <li>are on a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, which is called a ketogenic diet.</li> <li>are having surgery.</li> <li>are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.</li> <li>are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. EPRONTIA passes into breast milk. Breastfed babies may be sleepy or have diarrhea. It is not known if the EPRONTIA that passes into breast milk can cause other serious harm to your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take EPRONTIA.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. EPRONTIA and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects.</p> <p>Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:</p> <ul> <li>Valproic acid (such as DEPAKOTE).</li> <li>any medicines that impair or decrease your thinking, concentration, or muscle coordination.</li> <li>birth control that contains hormones (such as pills, implants, patches, or injections). EPRONTIA may make your birth control less effective. Tell your healthcare provider if your menstrual bleeding changes while you are using birth control and EPRONTIA.</li> </ul> <p>Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.</p> <p>Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">How should I take EPRONTIA?</span> </p> <ul> <li>Take EPRONTIA Oral Solution exactly as prescribed.</li> <li>Your healthcare provider may change your dose. <span class="Bold">Do not </span>change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider. </li> <li>EPRONTIA can be taken with or without food. Drink plenty of fluids during the day. This may help prevent kidney stones while taking EPRONTIA.</li> <li>Take EPRONTIA using a marked (calibrated) measuring device. Ask your pharmacist to recommend a measuring device and for instructions on how to measure the correct dose. Do not use a household teaspoon or tablespoon.</li> <li>If you take too much EPRONTIA, call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest emergency room.</li> <li>If you miss a single dose of EPRONTIA, take it as soon as you can. However, if you are within 6 hours of taking your next scheduled dose, wait until then to take your usual dose of EPRONTIA, and skip the missed dose. <span class="Bold">Do not </span>double your dose. If you have missed more than 1 dose, you should call your healthcare provider for advice. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Do not </span>stop taking EPRONTIA without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping EPRONTIA suddenly may cause serious problems. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking EPRONTIA suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to stop taking EPRONTIA slowly. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests while you take EPRONTIA. </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What should I avoid while taking EPRONTIA?</span> </p> <ul> <li>You should not drink alcohol while taking EPRONTIA. EPRONTIA and alcohol can affect each other causing side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness.</li> <li>Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how EPRONTIA affects you. EPRONTIA can slow your thinking and motor skills and may affect vision.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What are the possible side effects of EPRONTIA? EPRONTIA may cause serious side effects including</span>: </p> <p>See " <span class="Bold">What is the most important information I should know about EPRONTIA?</span>" </p> <ul> <li> <span class="Bold">High blood ammonia levels. </span>High ammonia in the blood can affect your mental activities, slow your alertness, make you feel tired, or cause vomiting. This has happened when EPRONTIA is taken with a medicine called valproic acid (DEPAKOTE). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop unexplained tiredness, vomiting, slowing of your thinking or reaction time, or changes in your mental activities. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Effects on thinking and alertness. </span>EPRONTIA may affect how you think and cause confusion, problems with concentration, attention, memory, or speech. EPRONTIA may cause depression or mood problems, tiredness, and sleepiness. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Dizziness or loss of muscle coordination.</span> </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Serious skin reactions. </span>EPRONTIA may cause a severe rash with blisters and peeling skin, especially around the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). EPRONTIA may also cause a rash with blisters and peeling skin over much of the body that may cause death (toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop a skin rash or blisters. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Kidney stones. </span>Drink plenty of fluids when taking EPRONTIA to decrease your chances of getting kidney stones. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Low body temperature. </span>Taking EPRONTIA when you are also taking valproic acid can cause a drop in body temperature to less than 95°F, or can cause tiredness, confusion, or coma. </li> </ul> <p>Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms above.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">The most common side effects of EPRONTIA include:</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule" valign="top">o tingling of the arms and legs (paresthesia) <br/> o nausea <br/> o diarrhea <br/> o nervousness <br/> o speech problems <br/> o dizziness <br/> o slow reactions <br/> o pain in the abdomen <br/> o decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">o not feeling hungry</p> <p>o a change in the way foods taste</p> <p>o weight loss</p> <p>o upper respiratory tract infection</p> <p>o tiredness</p> <p>o sleepiness/drowsiness</p> <p>o difficulty with memory</p> <p>o fever</p> <p>o abnormal vision</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of EPRONTIA. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1- 800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-800-461-7449.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">How should I store EPRONTIA?</span> </p> <ul> <li>Store EPRONTIA at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).</li> <li>Throw away (discard) unused portion 90 days after first opening.</li> <li>Avoid freezing and excessive heat.</li> <li>Keep container tightly closed</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">Keep EPRONTIA and all medicines out of the reach of children.</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">General information about the safe and effective use of EPRONTIA.</span> </p> <p>Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use EPRONTIA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give EPRONTIA to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about EPRONTIA that is written for health professionals.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What are the ingredients in EPRONTIA?</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Active ingredient:</span>Topiramate </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Inactive ingredients: </span>glycerin, methylparaben, mixed berry flavor, polyethylene glycol, propylparaben, and sucralose. </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top"> <p class="First">Manufactured for: <br/> Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. <br/> Woburn, MA 01801 </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

{ "type": "table", "children": [], "text": "<div class=\"scrollingtable\"><table width=\"100%\">\n<col width=\"61%\"/>\n<col width=\"39%\"/>\n<tbody class=\"Headless\">\n<tr class=\"First\">\n<td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">MEDICATION GUIDE \n <br/> EPRONTIA\n \n <span class=\"Sup\">® </span></span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">[ee-pron-tee-ah]</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">(topiramate) oral solution</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What is the most important information I should know about EPRONTIA?</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">EPRONTIA may cause eye problems.</span>Serious eye problems include:\n \n </p>\n<ul>\n<li>any sudden decrease in vision with or without eye pain and redness.</li>\n<li>a blockage of fluid in the eye causing increased pressure in the eye (secondary angle closure glaucoma).</li>\n<li>These eye problems can lead to permanent loss of vision if not treated.</li>\n<li>You should call your healthcare provider right away if you have any new eye symptoms, including any new problems with your vision.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">EPRONTIA may cause decreased sweating and increased body temperature (fever).</span>People, especially children, should be watched for signs of decreased sweating and fever, especially in hot temperatures. Some people may need to be hospitalized for this condition. If a high fever, a fever that does not go away, or decreased sweating develops, call your healthcare provider right away.\n \n </p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">EPRONTIA can increase the level of acid in your blood (metabolic acidosis). </span>If left untreated, metabolic acidosis can cause brittle or soft bones (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia), kidney stones, can slow the rate of growth in children, and may possibly harm your baby if you are pregnant. Metabolic acidosis can happen with or without symptoms. Sometimes people with metabolic acidosis will:\n \n </p>\n<ul>\n<li>feel tired</li>\n<li>not feel hungry (loss of appetite)</li>\n<li>feel changes in heartbeat</li>\n<li>have trouble thinking clearly</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Your healthcare provider should do a blood test to measure the level of acid in your blood before and during your treatment with EPRONTIA. If you are pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare provider about whether you have metabolic acidosis.</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Like other antiepileptic drugs, EPRONTIA may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>thoughts about suicide or dying</li>\n<li>new or worse depression</li>\n<li>feeling agitated or restless</li>\n<li>trouble sleeping (insomnia)</li>\n<li>acting aggressive, being angry, or violent</li>\n<li>an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)</li>\n</ul>\n</td><td class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<ul>\n<li>attempts to commit suicide</li>\n<li>new or worse anxiety</li>\n<li>panic attacks</li>\n<li>new or worse irritability</li>\n<li>acting on dangerous impulses</li>\n<li>other unusual changes in behavior or mood</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Do not stop EPRONTIA without first talking to a healthcare provider.</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stopping EPRONTIA suddenly can cause serious problems.</li>\n<li>Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.</li>\n<li>Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.</li>\n<li>Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">EPRONTIA can harm your unborn baby.</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>If you take EPRONTIA during pregnancy, your baby has a higher risk for birth defects including cleft lip and cleft palate. These defects can begin early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant.</li>\n<li>Birth defects may happen even in children born to women who are not taking any medicines and do not have other risk factors.</li>\n<li>There may be other medicines to treat your condition that have a lower chance of birth defects.</li>\n<li>All women of childbearing age should talk to their healthcare providers about using other possible treatments instead of EPRONTIA. If the decision is made to use EPRONTIA, you should use effective birth control (contraception) unless you are planning to become pregnant. You should talk to your doctor about the best kind of birth control to use while you are taking EPRONTIA.</li>\n<li>Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking EPRONTIA. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will continue to take EPRONTIA while you are pregnant.</li>\n<li>If you take EPRONTIA during pregnancy, your baby may be smaller than expected at birth. The long-term effects of this are not known. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions about this risk during pregnancy.</li>\n<li>Metabolic acidosis may have harmful effects on your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if EPRONTIA has caused metabolic acidosis during your pregnancy.</li>\n<li>Pregnancy Registry: If you become pregnant while taking EPRONTIA, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of EPRONTIA and other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">EPRONTIA may decrease the density of bones when used over a long period.</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">EPRONTIA may slow height increase and weight gain in children and adolescents when used over a long period.</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What is EPRONTIA?</span>\n</p>\n<p>EPRONTIA is a prescription medicine used:</p>\n<p>• to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures) in adults and children 2 years and older.</p>\n<p>• with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in adults and children 2 years and older.</p>\n<p>• to prevent migraine headaches in adults and adolescents 12 years and older.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Before taking EPRONTIA, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior.</li>\n<li>have kidney problems, have kidney stones, or are getting kidney dialysis.</li>\n<li>have a history of metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood).</li>\n<li>have liver problems.</li>\n<li>have weak, brittle, or soft bones (osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or decreased bone density).</li>\n<li>have lung or breathing problems.</li>\n<li>have eye problems, especially glaucoma.</li>\n<li>have diarrhea.</li>\n<li>have a growth problem.</li>\n<li>are on a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, which is called a ketogenic diet.</li>\n<li>are having surgery.</li>\n<li>are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.</li>\n<li>are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. EPRONTIA passes into breast milk. Breastfed babies may be sleepy or have diarrhea. It is not known if the EPRONTIA that passes into breast milk can cause other serious harm to your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take EPRONTIA.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. EPRONTIA and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects.</p>\n<p>Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Valproic acid (such as DEPAKOTE).</li>\n<li>any medicines that impair or decrease your thinking, concentration, or muscle coordination.</li>\n<li>birth control that contains hormones (such as pills, implants, patches, or injections). EPRONTIA may make your birth control less effective. Tell your healthcare provider if your menstrual bleeding changes while you are using birth control and EPRONTIA.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.</p>\n<p>Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I take EPRONTIA?</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Take EPRONTIA Oral Solution exactly as prescribed.</li>\n<li>Your healthcare provider may change your dose.\n \n <span class=\"Bold\">Do not </span>change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider.\n \n </li>\n<li>EPRONTIA can be taken with or without food. Drink plenty of fluids during the day. This may help prevent kidney stones while taking EPRONTIA.</li>\n<li>Take EPRONTIA using a marked (calibrated) measuring device. Ask your pharmacist to recommend a measuring device and for instructions on how to measure the correct dose. Do not use a household teaspoon or tablespoon.</li>\n<li>If you take too much EPRONTIA, call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest emergency room.</li>\n<li>If you miss a single dose of EPRONTIA, take it as soon as you can. However, if you are within 6 hours of taking your next scheduled dose, wait until then to take your usual dose of EPRONTIA, and skip the missed dose.\n \n <span class=\"Bold\">Do not </span>double your dose. If you have missed more than 1 dose, you should call your healthcare provider for advice.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Do not </span>stop taking EPRONTIA without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping EPRONTIA suddenly may cause serious problems. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking EPRONTIA suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to stop taking EPRONTIA slowly. Your healthcare provider may do blood tests while you take EPRONTIA.\n \n </li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What should I avoid while taking EPRONTIA?</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>You should not drink alcohol while taking EPRONTIA. EPRONTIA and alcohol can affect each other causing side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness.</li>\n<li>Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how EPRONTIA affects you. EPRONTIA can slow your thinking and motor skills and may affect vision.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the possible side effects of EPRONTIA? EPRONTIA may cause serious side effects including</span>:\n \n </p>\n<p>See \"\n \n <span class=\"Bold\">What is the most important information I should know about EPRONTIA?</span>\"\n \n </p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">High blood ammonia levels. </span>High ammonia in the blood can affect your mental activities, slow your alertness, make you feel tired, or cause vomiting. This has happened when EPRONTIA is taken with a medicine called valproic acid (DEPAKOTE). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop unexplained tiredness, vomiting, slowing of your thinking or reaction time, or changes in your mental activities.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Effects on thinking and alertness. </span>EPRONTIA may affect how you think and cause confusion, problems with concentration, attention, memory, or speech. EPRONTIA may cause depression or mood problems, tiredness, and sleepiness.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Dizziness or loss of muscle coordination.</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Serious skin reactions. </span>EPRONTIA may cause a severe rash with blisters and peeling skin, especially around the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). EPRONTIA may also cause a rash with blisters and peeling skin over much of the body that may cause death (toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop a skin rash or blisters.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Kidney stones. </span>Drink plenty of fluids when taking EPRONTIA to decrease your chances of getting kidney stones.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Low body temperature. </span>Taking EPRONTIA when you are also taking valproic acid can cause a drop in body temperature to less than 95°F, or can cause tiredness, confusion, or coma.\n \n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms above.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">The most common side effects of EPRONTIA include:</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Lrule\" valign=\"top\">o tingling of the arms and legs (paresthesia) \n <br/> o nausea \n <br/> o diarrhea \n <br/> o nervousness \n <br/> o speech problems \n <br/> o dizziness \n <br/> o slow reactions \n <br/> o pain in the abdomen \n <br/> o decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin\n </td><td class=\"Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">o not feeling hungry</p>\n<p>o a change in the way foods taste</p>\n<p>o weight loss</p>\n<p>o upper respiratory tract infection</p>\n<p>o tiredness</p>\n<p>o sleepiness/drowsiness</p>\n<p>o difficulty with memory</p>\n<p>o fever</p>\n<p>o abnormal vision</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of EPRONTIA. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1- 800-FDA-1088. You may also report side effects to Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-800-461-7449.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I store EPRONTIA?</span>\n</p>\n<ul>\n<li>Store EPRONTIA at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).</li>\n<li>Throw away (discard) unused portion 90 days after first opening.</li>\n<li>Avoid freezing and excessive heat.</li>\n<li>Keep container tightly closed</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Keep EPRONTIA and all medicines out of the reach of children.</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">General information about the safe and effective use of EPRONTIA.</span>\n</p>\n<p>Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use EPRONTIA for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give EPRONTIA to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about EPRONTIA that is written for health professionals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the ingredients in EPRONTIA?</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Active ingredient:</span>Topiramate\n \n </p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Inactive ingredients: </span>glycerin, methylparaben, mixed berry flavor, polyethylene glycol, propylparaben, and sucralose.\n \n </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Last\">\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">Manufactured for: \n <br/> Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. \n <br/> Woburn, MA 01801\n </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table></div>" }

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration" }

Approved: May 2024

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Carton Label

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NDC 52652-9001-2

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC 52652-9001-2" }

EPRONTIA ®(topiramate) oral solution

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nEPRONTIA\n \n ®(topiramate) \n oral solution\n\n " }

25 mg/mL

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\n25 mg/mL\n" }

FOR ORAL USE ONLY

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ATTENTION PHARMACIST:

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Dispense the following to each patient:

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•Oral Dosing Syringe

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•Medication Guide - available at eprontia.com/medication-guide.pdf

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READY TO USE

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240 mL Rx Only

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azurity ®pharmaceuticals

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nazurity\n \n ®pharmaceuticals\n\n " }

Manufactured for: Azurity Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Woburn, MA 01801

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QUDEXY XR is indicated as initial monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older.

QUDEXY XR is indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older.

QUDEXY XR is indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients 12 years of age and older.

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The recommended dose for QUDEXY XR monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older is 400 mg orally once daily. Titrate QUDEXY XR according to the following schedule (see Table 1).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 1: Monotherapy Titration Schedule for Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older</span> </caption> <col align="center" valign="top" width="40%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="60%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="center"></th><th align="center">QUDEXY XR Once Daily Dose</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="center">Week 1</td><td align="center">50 mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Week 2</td><td align="center">100 mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Week 3</td><td align="center">150 mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Week 4</td><td align="center">200 mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Week 5</td><td align="center">300 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="center">Week 6</td><td align="center">400 mg</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Pediatric Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age

Dosing in patients 2 to 9 years of age is based on weight. During the titration period, the initial dose of QUDEXY XR is 25 mg/day nightly for the first week. Based upon tolerability, the dosage can be increased to 50 mg/day in the second week. Dosage can be increased by 25 mg to 50 mg once daily each subsequent week, as tolerated. Titration to the minimum maintenance dose should be attempted over 5 to 7 weeks. Based upon tolerability and clinical response, additional titration to a higher dose (up to the maximum maintenance dose) can be attempted at 25 mg to 50 mg once daily weekly increments. The total daily dose should not exceed the maximum maintenance dose for each range of body weight (see Table 2).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 2: Monotherapy Target Total Daily Maintenance Dosing for Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age</span> </caption> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="33%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="34%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="33%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="center">Weight (kg)</th><th align="center">Total Daily Dose (mg/day) <br/> Minimum Maintenance Dose </th><th align="center">Total Daily Dose (mg/day) <br/> Maximum Maintenance Dose </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="center">Up to 11</td><td align="center">150</td><td align="center">250</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">12 to 22</td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">300</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">23 to 31</td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">350</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">32 to 38</td><td align="center">250</td><td align="center">350</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="center">Greater than 38</td><td align="center">250</td><td align="center">400</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Adults (17 Years of Age and Older)

The recommended total daily dose of QUDEXY XR as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial-onset seizures or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 200 mg to 400 mg orally once daily, and with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures is 400 mg orally once daily. Initiate therapy at 25 mg to 50 mg once daily followed by titration to an effective dose in increments of 25 mg to 50 mg every week. Titrating in increments of 25 mg/day every week may delay the time to reach an effective dose. Doses above 400 mg/day have not been shown to improve responses in adults with partial-onset seizures.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 16 Years of Age

The recommended total daily dose of QUDEXY XR as adjunctive therapy for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is approximately 5 mg/kg to 9 mg/kg orally once daily. Begin titration at 25 mg once daily (or less, based on a range of 1 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day) given nightly for the first week. Subsequently, increase the dosage at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 1 mg/kg/day to 3 mg/kg/day to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. The total daily dose should not exceed 400 mg/day.

The recommended total daily dose of QUDEXY XR as treatment for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients 12 years of age and older is 100 mg once daily. The recommended titration rate for QUDEXY XR for the preventive treatment of migraine is as follows:

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 3: Preventive Treatment of Migraine Titration Schedule for Patients 12 Years of Age and Older</span> </caption> <col align="center" valign="top" width="40%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="60%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="center"></th><th align="center">QUDEXY XR Once Daily Dose</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="center">Week 1</td><td align="center">25 mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Week 2</td><td align="center">50 mg</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">Week 3</td><td align="center">75 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="center">Week 4</td><td align="center">100 mg</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Dose and titration rate should be guided by clinical outcome. If required, longer intervals between dose adjustment can be used.

In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m 2), one-half of the usual adult dose of QUDEXY XR is recommended [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a supplemental dose of QUDEXY XR may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account 1) the duration of dialysis period, 2) the clearance rate of the dialysis system being used, and 3) the effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

QUDEXY XR capsules may be swallowed whole or may be administered by carefully opening the capsule and sprinkling the entire contents on a small amount (teaspoon) of soft food. This drug/food mixture should be swallowed immediately and not chewed or crushed. It should not be stored for further use. QUDEXY XR can be taken without regard to meals [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are available in the following strengths and colors:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are available in the following strengths and colors:" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "25 mg: light pink and grey capsules, printed with \"UPSHER-SMITH\" on the cap in black ink and \"25 mg\" on the body in black ink", "50 mg: golden yellow and grey capsules, printed with \"UPSHER-SMITH\" on the cap in black ink and \"50 mg\" on the body in black ink", "100 mg: reddish brown and grey capsules, printed with \"UPSHER-SMITH\" on the cap in black ink and \"100 mg\" on the body in black ink", "150 mg: pale yellow and grey capsules, printed with \"UPSHER-SMITH\" on the cap in black ink and \"150 mg\" on the body in black ink", "200 mg: brown and grey capsules, printed with \"UPSHER-SMITH\" on the cap in white ink and \"200 mg\" on the body in black ink" ], "text": "" }

None.

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A sndrome consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in patients receiving topiramate. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include some or all of the following: myopia, mydriasis, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness), choroidal detachments, retinal pigment epithelial detachments, macular striae, and increased intraocular pressure. This syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of initiating topiramate therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40 years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in pediatric patients as well as adults. The primary treatment to reverse symptoms is discontinuation of QUDEXY XR as rapidly as possible, according to the judgment of the treating physician. Other measures, in conjunction with discontinuation of QUDEXY XR, may be helpful.

Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.

Visual field defects (independent of elevated intraocular pressure) have been reported in clinical trials and in postmarketing experience in patients receiving topiramate independent of elevated intraocular pressure. In clinical trials, most of these events were reversible after topiramate discontinuation. If visual problems occur at any time during treatment with topiramate, consideration should be given to discontinuing the drug.

Oligohydrosis (decreased sweating), infrequently resulting in hospitalization in some cases, has been reported in association with topiramate use. Decreased sweating and an elevation in body temperature above normal characterized these cases. Some of the cases were reported after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures.

The majority of the reports have been in pediatric patients. Patients (especially pediatric patients) treated with QUDEXY XR should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Caution should be used when QUDEXY XR is prescribed with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders; these drugs include, but are not limited to, other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity.

QUDEXY XR can cause hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis). This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition by QUDEXY XR. QUDEXY XR-induced metabolic acidosis can occur at any time during treatment. Bicarbonate decrements are usually mild to moderate (average decrease of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients); rarely, patients can experience severe decrements to values below 10 mEq/L. Conditions or therapies that predispose patients to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, ketogenic diet or specific drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of QUDEXY XR.

Metabolic acidosis was commonly observed in adult and pediatric patients treated with immediate-release topiramate in clinical trials. The incidence of decreased serum bicarbonate in pediatric trials, for adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or refractory partial-onset seizures was as high as 67% for immediate-release topiramate (at approximately 6 mg/kg/day), and 10% for placebo. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and ≥5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was up to 11%, compared to ≤ 2% for placebo.

Manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis may include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis and may also result in osteomalacia (referred to as rickets in pediatric patients) and/or osteoporosis with an increased risk for fractures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9, 5.13)] . A one-year, active-controlled study of pediatric patients treated with immediate-release topiramate demonstrated that topiramate decreased lumbar spine bone mineral density and that this lumbar spine bone mineral density decrease was correlated (using change from baseline for lumbar spine Z score at final visit versus lowest post-treatment serum bicarbonate) with decreased serum bicarbonate, a reflection of metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . Chronic metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may also reduce growth rates, which may decrease the maximal height achieved. Long-term, open-label treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old with intractable partial epilepsy, for up to 1 year, showed reductions from baseline in length, weight, and head circumference compared to age and sex-matched normative data, although these patients with epilepsy are likely to have different growth rates than normal 1 to 24-month old patients. Reductions in length and weight were correlated to the degree of acidosis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . QUDEXY XR treatment that causes metabolic acidosis during pregnancy can possibly produce adverse effects on the fetus and might also cause metabolic acidosis in the neonate from possible transfer of topiramate to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .

Measurement of Serum Bicarbonate in Epilepsy and Migraine Patients

Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during QUDEXY XR treatment is recommended. If metabolic acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing QUDEXY XR (using dose tapering). If the decision is made to continue patients on QUDEXY XR in the face of persistent acidosis, alkali treatment should be considered.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including QUDEXY XR increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table 4 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 4: Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs in the Pooled Analysis</span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="bottom" width="16%"/> <col align="center" valign="bottom" width="21%"/> <col align="center" valign="bottom" width="21%"/> <col align="center" valign="bottom" width="21%"/> <col align="center" valign="bottom" width="21%"/> <thead> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <th align="left">Indication</th><th align="center">Placebo Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients</th><th align="center">Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients</th><th align="center">Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/ Incidence in Placebo Patients</th><th align="center">Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left">Epilepsy</td><td align="center">1.0</td><td align="center">3.4</td><td align="center">3.5</td><td align="center">2.4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Psychiatric</td><td align="center">5.7</td><td align="center">8.5</td><td align="center">1.5</td><td align="center">2.9</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">Other</td><td align="center">1.0</td><td align="center">1.8</td><td align="center">1.9</td><td align="center">0.9</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Total</td><td align="center">2.4</td><td align="center">4.3</td><td align="center">1.8</td><td align="center">1.9</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing QUDEXY XR or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Immediate-release topiramate can cause cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions and therefore these are expected to be caused by QUDEXY XR. The most frequent of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) Cognitive-related dysfunction (e.g., confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties); 2) Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression or mood problems); and 3) Somnolence or fatigue.

Adult Patients

Cognitive Related Dysfunction

Rapid titration rate and higher initial dose were associated with higher incidences of cognitive-related dysfunction.

In adult epilepsy adjunctive controlled trials, which used rapid titration (100 to 200 mg/day weekly increments) and target immediate-release topiramate doses of 200 mg to 1000 mg/day, 56% of patients in the 800 mg/day and 1000 mg/day dose groups experienced cognitive-related dysfunction compared to approximately 42% of patients in the 200 to 400 mg/day groups and 14% for placebo. In this rapid titration regimen, these dose-related adverse reactions began in the titration or in the maintenance phase, and in some patients these events began during titration and persisted into the maintenance phase.

In the monotherapy epilepsy-controlled trial conducted with immediate-release topiramate, the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg per day and 26% for 400 mg per day.

In the 6-month controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, which used a slower titration regimen (25 mg/day weekly increments), the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg/day, 22% for 100 mg/day (the recommended dose), 28% for 200 mg/day, and 10% for placebo. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during titration and sometimes persisted after completion of titration.

Psychiatric/Behavioral Disturbances

Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression, mood) were dose-related for both the adjunctive epilepsy and migraine populations treated with topiramate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] .

Somnolence/Fatigue

Somnolence and fatigue were the adverse reactions most frequently reported during clinical trials of topiramate for adjunctive epilepsy. For the adjunctive epilepsy population, the incidence of fatigue appeared dose-related. For the monotherapy epilepsy population, the incidence of somnolence was dose-related. For the migraine population, the incidences of both somnolence and fatigue were dose-related and more common in the titration phase.

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric epilepsy trials (adjunctive and monotherapy), the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was generally lower than that observed in adults. These reactions included psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems, and language problems. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients during adjunctive therapy double-blind studies were somnolence and fatigue. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients in the 50 mg/day and 400 mg/day groups during the monotherapy double-blind study were headache, dizziness, anorexia, and somnolence.

In pediatric migraine patients, the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was increased in topiramate-treated patients compared to placebo.

The risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was dose-dependent and was greatest at the highest dose (200 mg). This risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was also greater in younger patients (6 to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 to 17 years of age). The most common cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reaction in these trials was difficulty with concentration/attention. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during the titration period and sometimes persisted for various durations after completion of titration.

The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered to adolescents (12 to 17 years of age) to assess the effects of topiramate on cognitive function at baseline and at the end of the Study 13 [see Clinical Studies (14.5)] . Mean change from baseline in certain CANTAB tests suggests that topiramate treatment may result in psychomotor slowing and decreased verbal fluency.

QUDEXY XR can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in uterohave an increased risk of major congenital malformation, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and of being small for gestational age (SGA). When multiple species of pregnant animals received topiramate at clinically relevant doses, structural malformations, including craniofacial defects, and reduced fetal weights occurred in offspring [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .

Consider the benefits and risks of QUDEXY XR when administering this drug in women of childbearing potential, particularly when QUDEXY XR is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Patient Counseling Information (17)] . QUDEXY XR should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be informed of the potential hazard to a fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .

In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, including QUDEXY XR, should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure frequency [see Clinical Studies (14)] . In situations where rapid withdrawal of QUDEXY XR is medically required, appropriate monitoring is recommended.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study in pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of immediate-release topiramate monotherapy on bone mineral acquisition via statistically significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) measured in lumbar spine and in total body less head [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Twenty-one percent of immediate-release topiramate-treated patients experienced clinically important reductions in BMD (Z score change from baseline of -0.5 or greater) compared to 0 patients in the control group. Although decreases in BMD occurred across all pediatric age subgroups, patients 6 to 9 years of age were most commonly affected. The sample size and study duration were too small to determine if fracture risk is increased. Decreased BMD in the lumbar spine was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, which commonly occurs with topiramate treatment and reflects metabolic acidosis, a known cause of increased bone resorption [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] . Although small decreases in some markers of bone metabolism (e.g., serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) occurred in immediate-release topiramate-treated patients, more significant decreases in serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, hormones involved in bone metabolism, were observed, along with an increased excretion of urinary calcium.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study of pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of immediate-release topiramate monotherapy on growth (i.e., height and weight) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . Although continued growth was observed in both treatment groups, the immediate-release topiramate group showed statistically significant reductions in mean annual change from baseline in body weight compared to the control group. A similar trend of attenuation in height velocity and height change from baseline was also observed in the immediate-release topiramate group compared to the control group. Negative effects on weight and height were seen across all topiramate age subgroups. Growth (height and weight) of children receiving prolonged QUDEXY XR therapy should be carefully monitored.

Serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome [SJS] and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis [TEN]) have been reported in patients receiving topiramate. QUDEXY XR should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered. Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions.

Topiramate treatment can cause hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)] . The risk for hyperammonemia with topiramate appears dose-related. Hyperammonemia has been reported more frequently when topiramate is used concomitantly with valproic acid. Post-marketing cases of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy have been reported with topiramate and valproic acid in patients who previously tolerated either drug alone [see Drug Interactions (7.1)] .

Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. In most cases, hyperammonemic encephalopathy abated with discontinuation of treatment.

The incidence of hyperammonemia in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age in the preventive treatment of migraine trials was 26% in patients taking topiramate monotherapy at 100 mg/day, and 14% in patients taking topiramate at 50 mg/day, compared to 9% in patients taking placebo. There was also an increased incidence of markedly increased hyperammonemia at the 100 mg dose.

Dose-related hyperammonemia was also seen in pediatric patients 1 to 24 months of age treated with topiramate and concomitant valproic acid for partial-onset epilepsy and this was not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction.

In some patients, hyperammonemia can be asymptomatic.

Monitoring for Hyperammonemia

Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although not studied, topiramate treatment or an interaction of concomitant topiramate and valproic acid treatment may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons.

In patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting or changes in mental status associated with any topiramate treatment, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured.

Topiramate increases the risk of kidney stones. During adjunctive epilepsy trials, the risk for kidney stones in immediate-release topiramate-treated adults was 1.5%, an incidence about 2 to 4 times greater than expected in a similar, untreated population. As in the general population, the incidence of stone formation among topiramate-treated patients was higher in men. Kidney stones have also been reported in pediatric patients taking topiramate for epilepsy or migraine. During long-term (up to 1 year) topiramate treatment in an open-label extension study of 284 pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old with epilepsy, 7% developed kidney or bladder stones. QUDEXY XR is not approved for treatment of epilepsy in pediatric patients less than 2 years old [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] .

Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] . The concomitant use of QUDEXY XR with any other drug producing metabolic acidosis, or potentially in patients on a ketogenic diet, may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.

Increased fluid intake increases the urinary output, lowering the concentration of substances involved in stone formation. Hydration is recommended to reduce new stone formation.

An increase in urinary calcium and a marked decrease in urinary citrate was observed in immediate-release topiramate-treated pediatric patients in one-year active-controlled study [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . This increased ratio of urinary calcium/citrate increases the risk of kidney stones and/or nephrocalcinosis.

Hypothermia, defined as a drop-in body core temperature to <35°C (95°F), has been reported in association with topiramate use with concomitant valproic acid both in conjunction with hyperammonemia and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse reaction in patients using concomitant topiramate and valproate can occur after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing the daily dose of topiramate [see Drug Interactions (7.1)] . Consideration should be given to stopping QUDEXY XR or valproate in patients who develop hypothermia, which may be manifested by a variety of clinical abnormalities including lethargy, confusion, coma, and significant alterations in other major organ systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical management and assessment should include examination of blood ammonia levels.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Monotherapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled trial (Study 1) that occurred in adults in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the 50 mg/day group were: paresthesia, weight loss, and anorexia (see Table 5) .

Approximately 21% of the 159 adult patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in Study 1 discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥ 2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg/day topiramate) adverse reactions causing discontinuation were difficulty with memory, fatigue, asthenia, insomnia, somnolence, and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 6 to 15 Years of Age

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled trial (Study 1) that occurred in pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the 50 mg/day group were fever and weight loss (see Table 5).

Approximately 14% of the 77 pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥ 2% more frequent than in the 50 mg/day group) adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation in this trial were difficulty with concentration/attention, fever, flushing, and confusion.

Table 5 represents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of the adult and pediatric patients treated with 400 mg/day immediate-release topiramate and occurring with greater incidence than 50 mg/day topiramate.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 5: Adverse Reactions in the High Dose Group as Compared to the Low Dose Group, in Monotherapy Epilepsy Trials (Study 1) in Adult and Pediatric Patients</span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="48%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="12%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="14%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="14%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="12%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="left"></th><th align="center" colspan="4">Age Group</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="left"></th><th align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="2">Pediatric <br/> (6 to 15 Years) </th><th align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="2">Adult <br/> (Age ≥16 Years) </th> </tr> <tr> <th align="left"></th><th align="center" colspan="4">Immediate-release Topiramate Daily Dosage Group (mg/day)</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="left"></th><th align="center" class="Botrule">50</th><th align="center" class="Botrule">400</th><th align="center" class="Botrule">50</th><th align="center" class="Botrule">400</th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="left">Body System/ <br/> Adverse Reaction </th><th align="center">(N=74) <br/> % </th><th align="center">(N=77) <br/> % </th><th align="center">(N=160) <br/> % </th><th align="center">(N=159) <br/> % </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Asthenia</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Fever</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Leg pain</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Paresthesia</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">21</td><td align="center">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dizziness</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ataxia</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hypoesthesia</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hypertonia</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Involuntary Muscle contraction</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Vertigo</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Constipation</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Diarrhea</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gastritis</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dry mouth</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Liver and Biliary System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Increase in Gamma-GT</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Weight loss</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">17</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">17</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Platelet, Bleeding &amp; Clotting Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Epistaxis</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anorexia</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anxiety</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Cognitive problems</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Confusion</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Depression</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with concentration or attention</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with memory</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Insomnia</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Decrease in libido</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mood problems</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Personality disorder (behavior problems)</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Psychomotor slowing</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Somnolence</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Red Blood Cell Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anemia</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Female</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Intermenstrual bleeding</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Vaginal hemorrhage</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Infection</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Viral infection</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bronchitis</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Upper respiratory tract infection</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rhinitis</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Sinusitis</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Alopecia</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pruritus</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rash</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Acne</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Special Senses Other, Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Taste perversion</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Cystitis</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Micturition frequency</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Renal calculus</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Urinary incontinence</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Vascular (Extracardiac) Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Flushing</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

In pooled controlled clinical trials in adults with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 183 patients received adjunctive therapy with immediate-release topiramate at dosages of 200 to 400 mg/day (recommended dosage range) and 291 patients received placebo. Patients in these trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to immediate-release topiramate or placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in adult patients in the 200 to 400 mg/day topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the placebo group were: dizziness, speech disorders/related speech problems, somnolence, nervousness, psychomotor slowing, and vision abnormal (Table 6).

Table 6 presents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of adult patients treated with 200 to 400 mg/day topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, paresthesia, language problems, psychomotor slowing, depression, difficulty with concentration/attention, mood problems) was dose-related and much greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (i.e., 600 mg to 1000 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (200 mg to 400 mg daily) range.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="85%"> <caption> <span>Table 6: Most Common Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Adults <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-1" name="footnote-reference-1">*</a></span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="60%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="left" rowspan="2" valign="bottom">Body System/ <br/> Adverse Reaction </th><th align="center"></th><th align="center" class="Botrule">Topiramate Dosage <br/> (mg/day) </th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="center">Placebo <br/> (N=291) </th><th align="center">200 to 400 <br/> (N=183) </th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-1" name="footnote-1">*</a> </dt> <dd>Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Fatigue</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Asthenia</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Back pain</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Chest pain</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Influenza-like symptoms</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dizziness</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">25</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ataxia</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">16</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Speech disorders/Related speech problems</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Paresthesia</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nystagmus</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Tremor</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Language problems</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Coordination abnormal</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gait abnormal</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nausea</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dyspepsia</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Abdominal pain</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Constipation</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Weight loss</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Somnolence</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">29</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nervousness</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">16</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Psychomotor slowing</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with memory</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Confusion</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anorexia</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with concentration/attention</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mood problems</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Agitation</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Aggressive reaction</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Emotional lability</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Cognitive problems</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Breast pain</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Rhinitis</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pharyngitis</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Sinusitis</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Vision abnormal</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">13</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Diplopia</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">10</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In controlled clinical trials in adults, 11% of patients receiving immediate-release topiramate 200 to 400 mg/day as adjunctive therapy discontinued due to adverse reactions. This rate appeared to increase at dosages above 400 mg/day. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy included somnolence, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty with concentration or attention, fatigue, and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 15 Years of Age

In pooled, controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients (2 to 15 years of age) with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 98 patients received adjunctive therapy with immediate-release topiramate at dosages of 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) and 101 patients received placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in pediatric patients in the 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day immediate-release topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10%) than in the placebo group were: fatigue and somnolence (see Table 7).

Table 7 presents the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of pediatric patients 2 to 15 years of age receiving 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) of immediate-release topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="60%"> <caption> <span>Table 7: Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Pediatric Patients 2 to 15 Years of Age <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2" name="footnote-reference-2">*</a><span class="Sup">,</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3" name="footnote-reference-3">†</a></span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="60%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="left">Body System/</th><th align="center">Placebo</th><th align="center">Topiramate</th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="left">Adverse Reaction</th><th align="center">(N=101)</th><th align="center">(N=98)</th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-2" name="footnote-2">*</a> </dt> <dd>Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-3" name="footnote-3">†</a> </dt> <dd>Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Fatigue</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">16</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Injury</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gait abnormal</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ataxia</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hyperkinesia</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dizziness</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Speech disorders/Related speech problems</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nausea</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Saliva increased</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Constipation</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gastroenteritis</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Weight loss</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Platelet, Bleeding, &amp; Clotting Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Purpura</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Epistaxis</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Somnolence</td><td align="center">16</td><td align="center">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anorexia</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">24</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nervousness</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Personality disorder (behavior problems)</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with concentration/attention</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Aggressive reaction</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Insomnia</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with memory</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Confusion</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Psychomotor slowing</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Infection viral</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pneumonia</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Skin disorder</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Urinary incontinence</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

None of the pediatric patients who received topiramate adjunctive therapy at 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled clinical trials discontinued due to adverse reactions.

Migraine

Adults

In the four multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group migraine clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine (which included 35 adolescent patients age 12 to 15 years of age), most of the adverse reactions with topiramate were mild or moderate in severity. Most adverse reactions occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period.

The most common adverse reactions with immediate-release topiramate 100 mg in clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine of predominantly adults that were seen at an incidence higher (≥5%) than in the placebo group were paresthesia, anorexia, weight loss, taste perversion, diarrhea, difficulty with memory, hypoesthesia, and nausea (see Table 8).

Table 8 includes those adverse reactions that occurred in the placebo-controlled trials where the incidence in any immediate-release topiramate treatment group was at least 3% and was greater than that for placebo patients. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, somnolence, difficulty with memory, difficulty with concentration/attention) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (100 mg daily).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 8: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Placebo-Controlled, Migraine Trials in Adults <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4" name="footnote-reference-4">*</a><span class="Sup">,</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-5" name="footnote-reference-5">†</a></span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="40%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="20%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="left" colspan="2"></th><th align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="2">Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="left" valign="bottom">Body System/</th><th align="center">Placebo (N=445)</th><th align="center">50 <br/> (N=235) </th><th align="center">100 <br/> (N=386) </th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="left">Adverse Reaction</th><th align="center">%</th><th align="center">%</th><th align="center">%</th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-4" name="footnote-4">*</a> </dt> <dd>Includes 35 adolescent patients age 12 to 15 years.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-5" name="footnote-5">†</a> </dt> <dd>Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-6" name="footnote-6">‡</a> </dt> <dd>Blurred vision was the most common term considered as vision abnormal. Blurred vision was an included term that accounted for &gt;50% of reactions coded as vision abnormal, a preferred term.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Fatigue</td><td align="center">11</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Injury</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Paresthesia</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">35</td><td align="center">51</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dizziness</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hypoesthesia</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Language problems</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nausea</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Diarrhea</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">11</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Abdominal pain</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dyspepsia</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dry mouth</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Gastroenteritis</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Weight loss</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">9</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Musculoskeletal System Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Arthralgia</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anorexia</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Somnolence</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with memory</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Insomnia</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Difficulty with concentration/attention</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mood problems</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Anxiety</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Depression</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Nervousness</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Confusion</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Psychomotor slowing</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Female</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Menstrual disorder</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Male</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Ejaculation premature</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">0</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Viral infection</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Upper respiratory tract infection</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">13</td><td align="center">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Sinusitis</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pharyngitis</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Coughing</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Bronchitis</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dyspnea</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Pruritis</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Special Sense Other, Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Taste perversion</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">15</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Urinary tract infection</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule Last"> <td align="left">Blurred vision <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-6" name="footnote-reference-6">‡</a></td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Of the 1135 patients exposed to immediate-release topiramate in the adult placebo-controlled studies, 25% discontinued due to adverse reactions, compared to 10% of the 445 placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy in the immediate-release topiramate-treated patients in these studies included paresthesia (7%), fatigue (4%), nausea (4%), difficulty with concentration/attention (3%), insomnia (3%), anorexia (2%), and dizziness (2%).

Patients treated in these studies experienced mean percent reductions in body weight that were dose-dependent. This change was not seen in the placebo group. Mean changes of 0%, -2%, -3%, and -4% were seen for the placebo group, immediate-release topiramate 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg groups, respectively.

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

In five, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, most of the adverse reactions with immediate-release topiramate occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period. Among adverse reactions with onset during titration, approximately half persisted into the maintenance period.

In four, fixed-dose, double-blind clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine in immediate-release topiramate-treated pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age, the most common adverse reactions immediate-release topiramate 100 mg that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain (see Table 9). Table 9 shows adverse reactions from the pediatric trial [Study 13; see Clinical Studies (14.5)] in which 103 pediatric patients were treated with placebo or 50 mg or 100 mg of immediate-release topiramate, and three predominantly adult trials in which 49 pediatric patients (12 to 17 years of age) were treated with placebo or 50 mg, 100 mg, or 200 mg of immediate-release topiramate [see Clinical Studies (14.5)]. Table 9 also shows adverse reactions in pediatric patients in the controlled migraine trials when the incidence in an immediate-release topiramate dose group was at least 5% or higher and greater than the incidence of placebo. Many adverse reactions shown in Table 9 indicate a dose-dependent relationship. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., allergy, fatigue, headache, anorexia, insomnia, somnolence, and viral infection) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended immediate-release topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dose (100 mg daily).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 9: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Double-Blind Studies for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-7" name="footnote-reference-7">*</a><span class="Sup">,</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-8" name="footnote-reference-8">†</a><span class="Sup">,</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-9" name="footnote-reference-9">‡</a></span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="50%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="16%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="18%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="16%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="left" colspan="2"></th><th align="center" colspan="2">Topiramate Dosage</th> </tr> <tr> <th align="left"></th><th align="center">Placebo</th><th align="center">50 mg/day</th><th align="center">100 mg/day</th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="left">Body System/ <br/>   Adverse Reaction </th><th align="center">(N=45) <br/> % </th><th align="center">(N=46) <br/> % </th><th align="center">(N=48) <br/> % </th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-7" name="footnote-7">*</a> </dt> <dd>35 adolescent patients aged 12 to &lt;16 years were also included in adverse reaction assessment for adults.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-8" name="footnote-8">†</a> </dt> <dd>Incidence is based on the number of subjects experiencing at least 1 adverse event, not the number of events.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-9" name="footnote-9">‡</a> </dt> <dd>Included studies MIG-3006, MIGR-001, MIGR-002 and MIGR-003</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Fatigue</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Fever</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Paresthesia</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">19</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Dizziness</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Abdominal pain</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Nausea</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Weight loss</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Anorexia</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">10</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Somnolence</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Insomnia</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Infection viral</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">8</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Upper respiratory tract infection</td><td align="center">11</td><td align="center">26</td><td align="center">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Rhinitis</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Sinusitis</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Coughing</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Special Senses Other, Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">  Taste perversion</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">  Conjunctivitis</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In the double-blind placebo-controlled studies, adverse reactions led to discontinuation of treatment in 8% of placebo patients compared with 6% of immediate-release topiramate-treated patients. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy that occurred in more than one immediate-release topiramate-treated patient were fatigue (1%), headache (1%), and somnolence (1%).

Increased Risk for Bleeding

Topiramate is associated with an increased risk for bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies of approved and unapproved indications, bleeding was more frequently reported as an adverse reaction for topiramate than for placebo (4.5% versus 3.0% in adult patients, and 4.4% versus 2.3% in pediatric patients). In this analysis, the incidence of serious bleeding events for topiramate and placebo was 0.3% versus 0.2% for adult patients, and 0.4% versus 0% for pediatric patients.

Adverse bleeding reactions reported with topiramate ranged from mild epistaxis, ecchymosis, and increased menstrual bleeding to life-threatening hemorrhages. In patients with serious bleeding events, conditions that increased the risk for bleeding were often present, or patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia (other antiepileptic drugs) or affect platelet function or coagulation (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or warfarin or other anticoagulants).

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials

Other adverse reactions seen during clinical trials were: abnormal coordination, eosinophilia, gingival bleeding, hematuria, hypotension, myalgia, myopia, postural hypotension, scotoma, suicide attempt, syncope, and visual field defect.

Laboratory Test Abnormalities

Adult Patients

In addition to changes in serum bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), sodium chloride and ammonia, immediate-release topiramate was associated with changes in several clinical laboratory analytes in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.12)] . Controlled trials of adjunctive topiramate treatment of adults for partial-onset seizures showed an increased incidence of markedly decreased serum phosphorus (6% topiramate versus 2% placebo), markedly increased serum alkaline phosphatase (3% topiramate versus 1% placebo), and decreased serum potassium (0.4% topiramate versus 0.1% placebo).

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric patients (1 to 24 months) receiving adjunctive topiramate for partial-onset seizures, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, and total protein. The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), and potassium with immediate-release (vs placebo) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . QUDEXY XR is not indicated for partial-onset seizures in pediatric patients less than 2 years of age.

In pediatric patients (ranging from 6 to 17 years of age) receiving immediate-release topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with immediate-release topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, platelets, and eosinophils, The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for phosphorus, bicarbonate, total white blood count, and neutrophils [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)] . QUDEXY XR is not indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. In the QUDEXY XR study, a dose of 200 mg per day was administered to a limited number of patients; therefore, these results cannot be directly compared to immediate-release topiramate experience.

The safety data presented below are from 249 patients with partial epilepsy on concomitant AEDs who participated in the QUDEXY XR study [see Clinical Studies (14.4)] .

Table 10 displays the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in ≥2% of patients and numerically greater than placebo.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 10: Incidence (≥2%) of Adverse Reactions in Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Therapy Clinical Trial in Patients With Partial-Onset Seizures</span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="50%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="25%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="25%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="left" valign="bottom">Body System/ <br/> Adverse Reaction </th><th align="center" valign="bottom">Placebo <br/> (N=125) </th><th align="center">QUDEXY XR <br/> (200 mg) <br/> (N=124) </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">General Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Fatigue</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Asthenia</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Irritability</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Nervous System Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Somnolence</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dizziness</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Paresthesia</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Aphasia</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Dysarthria</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Memory impairment</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorder</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Psychomotor retardation</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Cardiovascular Disorders, General</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Hypertension</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Weight decrease</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">7</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Decreased appetite</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">4</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Anorexia</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In the controlled clinical study using QUDEXY XR, 8.9% of patients who received QUDEXY XR and 4.0% who received placebo discontinued as a result of adverse reactions.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of immediate-release topiramate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Body as a Whole–General Disorders: oligohydrosis and hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] , hyperammonemia, hyperammonemic encephalopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)] , hypothermia with concomitant valproic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)]

Gastrointestinal System Disorders: hepatic failure (including fatalities), hepatitis, pancreatitis

Skin and Appendage Disorders: bullous skin reactions (including erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)] , pemphigus

Urinary System Disorders: kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.13)]

Vision Disorders: acute myopia, secondary angle closure glaucoma [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)] , maculopathy

Hematological Disorders:decrease of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time when given concomitantly with Vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant medications such as warfarin.

Concomitant administration of phenytoin or carbamazepine with topiramate resulted in a clinically significant decrease in plasma concentrations of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone. A dosage adjustment may be needed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Concomitant administration of valproic acid and topiramate has been associated with hypothermia and hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy. Examine blood ammonia levels in patients in whom the onset of hypothermia has been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12, 5.14), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant use of topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with any other carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (e.g., zonisamide or acetazolamide) may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis and may also increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Patients should be monitored for the appearance or worsening of metabolic acidosis when QUDEXY XR is given concomitantly with another carbonic anhydrase inhibitor [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant administration of topiramate and alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs has not been evaluated in clinical studies. Because of the potential of topiramate to cause CNS depression, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions, QUDEXY XR should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.

The possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding may occur in patients taking contraceptive products with QUDEXY XR. Patients taking estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns. Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Topiramate C maxand AUC increased when HCTZ was added to immediate-release topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The addition of HCTZ to QUDEXY XR may require a decrease in the QUDEXY XR dose [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

A decrease in the exposure of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were noted with the concurrent use of pioglitazone and immediate-release topiramate in a clinical trial. The clinical relevance of these observations is unknown; however, when QUDEXY XR is added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to QUDEXY XR therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

An increase in systemic exposure of lithium following topiramate doses of up to 600 mg/day can occur. Lithium levels should be monitored when co-administered with high-dose QUDEXY XR [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Some patients may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presence of QUDEXY XR and any adjustments in amitriptyline dose should be made according to the patient's clinical response and not on the basis of plasma levels [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), such as QUDEXY XR, during pregnancy. Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll-free number 1-888-233-2334. Information about the North American Drug Pregnancy Registry can be found at http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/.

Risk Summary

QUDEXY XR can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in uterohave increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts) and of being small for gestational age (SGA) [see Human Data]. SGA has been observed at all doses and appears to be dose-dependent. The prevalence of SGA is greater in infants of women who received higher doses of topiramate during pregnancy. In addition, the prevalence of SGA in infants of women who continued topiramate use until later in pregnancy is higher compared to the prevalence in infants of women who stopped topiramate use before the third trimester.

In multiple animal species, topiramate demonstrated developmental toxicity, including increased incidences of fetal malformations, in the absence of maternal toxicity at clinically relevant doses [see Animal Data] .

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies are 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing this drug to women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death. Because of the risk of oral clefts to the fetus, which occur in the first trimester of pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant, all women of childbearing potential should be informed of the potential risk to the fetus from exposure to topiramate. Women who are planning a pregnancy should be counseled regarding the relative risks and benefits of topiramate use during pregnancy, and alternative therapeutic options should be considered for these patients.

Labor or Delivery

Although the effect of topiramate on labor and delivery in humans has not been established, the development of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis in the mother and/or in the fetus might affect the fetus' ability to tolerate labor .

QUDEXY XR treatment can cause metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. The effect of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis has not been studied in pregnancy; however, metabolic acidosis in pregnancy (due to other causes) can cause decreased fetal growth, decreased fetal oxygenation, and fetal death, and may affect the fetus' ability to tolerate labor. Pregnant patients should be monitored for metabolic acidosis and treated as in the nonpregnant state [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Newborns of mothers treated with QUDEXY XR should be monitored for metabolic acidosis because of transfer of topiramate to the fetus and possible occurrence of transient metabolic acidosis following birth.

Based on limited information, topiramate has also been associated with pre-term labor and premature delivery.

Data

Human Data

Data from pregnancy registries indicate an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Other than oral clefts, no specific pattern of major congenital malformations or grouping of major congenital malformation types were observed. In the NAAED pregnancy registry, when topiramate-exposed infants with only oral clefts were excluded, the prevalence of major congenital malformations (4.1%) was higher than that in infants exposed to a reference AED (1.8%) or in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (1.1%). The prevalence of oral clefts among topiramate-exposed infants (1.4%) was higher than the prevalence in infants exposed to a reference AED (0.3%) or the prevalence in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (0.11%). It was also higher than the background prevalence in the United States (0.17%) as estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The relative risk of oral clefts in topiramate-exposed pregnancies in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry was 12,5 (95% Confidence Interval=[CI] 5.9 to 26.7) as compared to the risk in a background population of untreated women. The UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register reported a prevalence of oral clefts among infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy (3.2%) that was 16 times higher than the background rate in the UK (0.2%).

Data from the NAAED pregnancy registry and a population-based birth registry cohort indicate that exposure to topiramate in uterois associated with an increased risk of SGA newborns (birth weight <10th percentile). In the NAAED pregnancy registry, 19.7% of topiramate-exposed newborns were SGA compared to 7.9% of newborns exposed to a reference AED, and 5.4% of newborns of mothers without epilepsy and without AED exposure. In the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), a population-based pregnancy registry, 25% of newborns in the topiramate monotherapy exposure group were SGA compared to 9% in the comparison group who were unexposed to AEDs. The long-term consequences of the SGA findings are not known.

Animal Data

When topiramate (0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to pregnant mice during the period of organogenesis, the incidence of fetal malformations (primarily craniofacial defects) were increased at all doses. Fetal body weights and skeletal ossification were reduced at the highest dose tested in conjunction with decreased maternal body weight gain. A no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in mice was not identified. The lowest dose tested, which was associated with an increased incidence of malformations, is less than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg/day) or migraine (100 mg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m 2) basis.

In pregnant rats administered topiramate (0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day or 0, 0.2, 2.5, 30, and 400 mg/kg/day) orally during the period of organogenesis, the frequency of limb malformations (ectrodactyly, micromelia, and amelia) was increased in fetuses at 400 and 500 mg/kg/day. Embryotoxicity (reduced fetal body weights, increased incidences of structural variations) was observed at doses as low as 20 mg/kg/day. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were seen at 400 mg/kg/day and above, and maternal body weight gain was reduced at doses of 100 mg/kg/day or greater. The no-effect dose (2.5 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m 2basis.

In pregnant rabbits administered topiramate (0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg/day or 0, 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg/day) orally during organogenesis, embryofetal mortality was increased at 35 mg/kg/day and an increased incidence of fetal malformations (primarily rib and vertebral malformations) was observed at 120 mg/kg/day. Evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs, and/or mortality) was seen at 35 mg/kg/day and above. The no-effect dose (20 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rabbits is equivalent to the MRHD for epilepsy and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2basis.

When topiramate (0, 0.2, 4, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day or 0, 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to female rats during the latter part of gestation and throughout lactation, offspring exhibited decreased viability and delayed physical development at 200 mg/kg/day and reductions in pre- and/or postweaning body weight gain at 2 mg/kg/day and above. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs) was evident at 100 mg/kg/day or greater. In a rat embryofetal development study which included postnatal assessment of offspring, oral administration of topiramate (0, 0.2, 2.5, 30, and 400 mg/kg/day) to pregnant animals during the period of organogenesis resulted in delayed physical development in offspring at 400 mg/kg/day and persistent reductions in body weight gain in offspring at 30 mg/kg/day and higher. The no-effect dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m 2basis.

Risk Summary

Topiramate is excreted in human milk [see Data]. The effects of topiramate on milk production are unknown. Diarrhea and somnolence have been reported in breastfed infants whose mothers receive topiramate treatment.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for QUDEXY XR and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from QUDEXY XR or from the underlying maternal condition.

Data

Human Data

Limited data from 5 women with epilepsy treated with topiramate during lactation showed drug levels in milk similar to those in maternal plasma.

Contraception

Women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy should use effective contraception because of the risk of major congenital malformations, including oral clefts, and the risk of infants being SGA [see Drug Interactions (7.4), and Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Adjunctive Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of QUDEXY XR as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome have been established in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older and is based on controlled trials with immediate-release topiramate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)and Clinical Studies (14.3, 14.4)] .

The adverse reactions (both common and serious) in pediatric patients are similar to those seen in adults [see Warnings and Precautions (5)and Adverse Reactions (6)] .

These include, but are not limited to:

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years

The following pediatric use information is based on studies conducted with immediate-release topiramate.

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the adjunctive therapy treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In a single randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigational trial, the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of immediate-release topiramate oral liquid and sprinkle formulations as an adjunct to concurrent antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatric patients 1 to 24 months of age with refractory partial-onset seizures were assessed. After 20 days of double-blind treatment, immediate-release topiramate (at fixed doses of 5, 15, and 25 mg/kg/day) did not demonstrate efficacy compared with placebo in controlling seizures.

In general, the adverse reaction profile for immediate-release topiramate in this population was similar to that of older pediatric patients, although results from the above controlled study and an open-label, long-term extension study in these pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old suggested some adverse reactions/toxicities not previously observed in older pediatric patients and adults; i.e., growth/length retardation, certain clinical laboratory abnormalities, and other adverse reactions/toxicities that occurred with a greater frequency and/or greater severity than had been recognized previously from studies in older pediatric patients or adults for various indications.

These very young pediatric patients appeared to experience an increased risk for infections (any topiramate dose 12%, placebo 0%) and of respiratory disorders (any topiramate dose 40%, placebo 16%). The following adverse reactions were observed in at least 3% of patients on immediate-release topiramate and were 3% to 7% more frequent than in patients on placebo: viral infection, bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, cough, and bronchospasm. A generally similar profile was observed in older pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

Immediate-release topiramate resulted in an increased incidence of patients with increased creatinine (any topiramate dose 5%, placebo 0%), BUN (any topiramate dose 3%, placebo 0%), and protein (any topiramate dose 34%, placebo 6%), and an increased incidence of decreased potassium (any topiramate dose 7%, placebo 0%). This increased frequency of abnormal values was not dose-related. Creatinine was the only analyte showing a noteworthy increased incidence (topiramate 25 mg/kg/day 5%, placebo 0%) of a markedly abnormal increase [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . The significance of these findings is uncertain.

Immediate-release topiramate treatment also produced a dose-related increase in the percentage of patients who had a shift from normal at baseline to high/increased (above the normal reference range) in total eosinophil count at the end of treatment. The incidence of these abnormal shifts was 6% for placebo, 10% for 5 mg/kg/day, 9% for 15 mg/kg/day, 14% for 25 mg/kg/day, and 11% for any topiramate dose [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] . There was a mean dose-related increase in alkaline phosphatase. The significance of these findings is uncertain.

Topiramate produced a dose-related increased incidence of hyperammonemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].

Treatment with immediate-release topiramate for up to 1 year was associated with reductions in Z SCORES for length, weight, and head circumference [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

In open-label, uncontrolled experience, increasing impairment of adaptive behavior was documented in behavioral testing over time in this population. There was a suggestion that this effect was dose-related. However, because of the absence of an appropriate control group, it is not known if this decrement in function was treatment related or reflects the patient's underlying disease (e.g., patients who received higher doses may have more severe underlying disease) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] .

In this open-label, uncontrolled study, the mortality was 37 deaths/1,000 patient years. It is not possible to know whether this mortality rate is related to immediate-release topiramate treatment, because the background mortality rate for a similar, significantly refractory, young pediatric population (1 to 24 months) with partial epilepsy is not known.

Monotherapy Treatment Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of QUDEXY XR as monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures have been established in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older and is based on controlled trials with immediate-release topiramate [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Studies (14.1)] .

A one-year, active-controlled, open-label study with blinded assessments of bone mineral density (BMD) and growth in pediatric patients 4 to 15 years of age, including 63 patients with recent or new onset of epilepsy, was conducted to assess effects of immediate-release topiramate (N=28, 6 to 15 years of age) versus levetiracetam (N=35, 4 to 15 years of age) monotherapy on bone mineralization and on height and weight, which reflect growth. Effects on bone mineralization were evaluated via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood markers. Table 11 summarizes effects of immediate-release topiramate at 12 months for key safety outcomes including BMD, height, height velocity, and weight. All Least Square Mean values for immediate-release topiramate and the comparator were positive. Therefore, the Least Square Mean treatment differences shown reflect a topiramate induced attenuation of the key safety outcomes. Statistically significant effects were observed for decreases in BMD (and bone mineral content) in lumbar spine and total body less head and in weight. Subgroup analyses according to age demonstrated similar negative effects for all key safety outcomes (i.e., BMD, height, weight).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 11: Summary of Immediate-Release Topiramate Treatment Difference Results at 12 Months for Key Safety Outcomes</span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="middle" width="50%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="50%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Safety Parameter</th><th align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">Treatment Difference in Least Square Means <br/> (95 % Confidence Interval) </th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="2"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-10" name="footnote-10">*</a> </dt> <dd>TBLH = total body less head</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-11" name="footnote-11">†</a> </dt> <dd>Whereas no patients were randomized to 2 to 5 year of age subgroup for immediate-release topiramate, 5 patients (4 to 5 years) were randomized to the active control group.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in BMD Lumbar Spine (g/cm <span class="Sup">2</span>) </span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-0.036 (-0.058, -0.014)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in BMD TBLH <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-10" name="footnote-reference-10">*</a>(g/cm <span class="Sup">2</span>) </span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-0.026 (-0.039, -0.012)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Height (cm) (4 to 9 years, Primary Analysis Population for Height) <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-11" name="footnote-reference-11">†</a></span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-0.84 (-2.67, 0.99)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Height (cm) (4 to 15 years)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-0.75 (-2.21, 0.71)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Height (cm) (10 to 15 years)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-1.01 (-3.64, 1.61)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Height Velocity (cm/year) (4 to 9 years)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">1.00 (-2.76, 0.76)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Height Velocity (cm/year) (4 to 15 years)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-0.98 (-2.33, 0.37)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Height Velocity (cm/year) (10 to 15 years)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-0.96 (-3.24, 1.32)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Weight (kg)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule"><span class="Bold">-2.05 (-3.66, -0.45)</span></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) was observed in all immediate-release topiramate-treated patients at some time in the study [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] . Over the whole study, 76% more immediate-release topiramate -treated patients experienced persistent metabolic acidosis (i.e., 2 consecutive visits with or final serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) compared to levetiracetam treated patients. Over the whole study, 35% more immediate-release topiramate-treated patients experienced a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and ≥ 5 mEq/L decrease from pre-treatment), indicating the frequency of more severe metabolic acidosis, compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. The decrease in BMD at 12 months was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, suggesting that metabolic acidosis was at least a partial factor contributing to this adverse effect on BMD.

Immediate-release topiramate-treated patients exhibited an increased risk for developing an increased serum creatinine and an increased serum glucose above the normal reference range compared to control patients.

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the monotherapy treatment of epilepsy.

Preventive Treatment of Migraine

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

Safety and effectiveness of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine was studied in 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials in a total of 219 pediatric patients, at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day, or 2 to 3 mg/kg/day. These comprised a fixed dose study in 103 pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age [see Clinical Studies (14.5)] , a flexible dose (2 to 3 mg/kg/day), placebo-controlled study in 157 pediatric patients 6 to 16 years of age (including 67 pediatric patients 12 to 16 years of age), and a total of 49 pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age in 3 studies for the preventive treatment of migraine primarily in adults. Open-label extension phases of 3 studies enabled evaluation of long-term safety for up to 6 months after the end of the double-blind phase.

Efficacy of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age is demonstrated for a 100 mg daily dose in Study 13 [see Clinical Studies (14.5)]. Efficacy of topiramate (2 to 3 mg/kg/day) for the preventive treatment of migraine was not demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial of 157 pediatric patients (6 to 16 years of age) that included treatment of 67 pediatric patients (12 to 16 years of age) for 20 weeks.

In the pediatric trials (12 to 17 years of age) in which patients were randomized to placebo or a fixed daily dose of immediate-release topiramate, the most common adverse reactions with immediate-release topiramate that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

The most common cognitive adverse reaction in pooled double-blind studies in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age was difficulty with concentration/attention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate values indicative of metabolic acidosis were reported in topiramate-treated pediatric migraine patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .

In topiramate-treated pediatric patients (12 to 17 years of age) compared to placebo-treated patients, abnormally increased results were more frequent for creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, total protein, and platelets. Abnormally decreased results were observed with topiramate vs placebo treatment for phosphorus and bicarbonate [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)and Adverse Reactions (6.1)] .

Notable changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse were observed occurred more commonly in pediatric patients treated with topiramate compared to pediatric patients treated with placebo [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 12 Years

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established for the preventive treatment of migraine.

In a double-blind study in 90 pediatric patients 6 to 11 years of age (including 59 topiramate-treated and 31 placebo patients), the adverse reaction profile was generally similar to that seen in pooled double-blind studies of pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age. The most common adverse reactions that occurred in immediate-release topiramate-treated pediatric patients 6 to 11 years of age, and at least twice as frequently than placebo, were gastroenteritis (12% topiramate, 6% placebo), sinusitis (10% topiramate, 3% placebo), weight loss (8% topiramate, 3% placebo) and paresthesia (7% topiramate, 0% placebo). Difficulty with concentration/attention occurred in 3 topiramate-treated patients (5%) and 0 placebo-treated patients.

The risk for cognitive adverse reaction was greater in younger patients (6 to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 to 17 years of age) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] .

Juvenile Animal Studies

When topiramate (0, 30, 90 or 300 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 12 to 50), bone growth plate thickness was reduced in males at the highest dose, which is approximately 5 to 8 times the maximum recommended pediatric dose (9 mg/kg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m 2) basis.

Clinical studies of immediate-release topiramate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Dosage adjustment may be necessary for elderly with creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m 2. Estimate GFR should be measured prior to dosing [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

The clearance of topiramate is reduced in patients with moderate (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and severe (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2) renal impairment. A dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.4)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate that is 4 to 6 times greater than in a normal individual. A dosage adjustment may be required [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .

Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses involving topiramate.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses involving topiramate." }

Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis\n \n [see\n \n Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]\n \n .\n\n " }

A patient who ingested a dose of immediate-release topiramate between 96 g and 110 g was admitted to a hospital with a coma lasting 20 to 24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "A patient who ingested a dose of immediate-release topiramate between 96 g and 110 g was admitted to a hospital with a coma lasting 20 to 24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days." }

Similar signs, symptoms, and clinical consequences are expected to occur with overdosage of QUDEXY XR. Therefore, in the event of QUDEXY XR overdose, QUDEXY XR should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until clinical toxicity has been diminished or resolved.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Similar signs, symptoms, and clinical consequences are expected to occur with overdosage of QUDEXY XR. Therefore, in the event of QUDEXY XR overdose, QUDEXY XR should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until clinical toxicity has been diminished or resolved." }

Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body." }

Topiramate, USP, is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are available as 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg capsules for oral administration as whole capsules or opened and sprinkled onto a spoonful of soft food.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate, USP, is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules are available as 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg, and 200 mg capsules for oral administration as whole capsules or opened and sprinkled onto a spoonful of soft food." }

Topiramate is a white to off-white powder. Topiramate is freely soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and acetone; and very slightly soluble to practically insoluble in non-polar organic solvents such as hexanes. Topiramate has the molecular formula C 12H 21NO 8S and a molecular weight of 339.4. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate is a white to off-white powder. Topiramate is freely soluble in polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile and acetone; and very slightly soluble to practically insoluble in non-polar organic solvents such as hexanes. Topiramate has the molecular formula C\n \n 12H\n \n 21NO\n \n 8S and a molecular weight of 339.4. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di-O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula:\n\n " }

QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules contain beads of topiramate in a capsule. The inactive ingredients are microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose 2910, ethylcellulose, diethyl phthalate.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules contain beads of topiramate in a capsule. The inactive ingredients are microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose 2910, ethylcellulose, diethyl phthalate." }

In addition, the capsule shells for all strengths contain hypromellose 2910, titanium dioxide, black iron oxide, red iron oxide and/or yellow iron oxide, black pharmaceutical ink, and white pharmaceutical ink (200 mg only).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "In addition, the capsule shells for all strengths contain hypromellose 2910, titanium dioxide, black iron oxide, red iron oxide and/or yellow iron oxide, black pharmaceutical ink, and white pharmaceutical ink (200 mg only)." }

The precise mechanisms by which topiramate exerts its anticonvulsant and preventive migraine effects are unknown; however, preclinical studies have revealed four properties that may contribute to topiramate's efficacy for epilepsy and the preventive treatment of migraine. Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence suggests that topiramate, at pharmacologically relevant concentrations, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, augments the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of the GABA-A receptor, antagonizes the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor, and inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, particularly isozymes II and IV.

Topiramate has anticonvulsant activity in rat and mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) tests. Topiramate is only weakly effective in blocking clonic seizures induced by the GABA-A receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Topiramate is also effective in rodent models of epilepsy, which include tonic and absence-like seizures in the spontaneous epileptic rat (SER) and tonic and clonic seizures induced in rats by kindling of the amygdala or by global ischemia.

Changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in vital signs (systolic blood pressure-SBP, diastolic blood pressure-DBP, pulse) occurred more frequently in pediatric patients (6 to 17 years) treated with various daily doses of topiramate (50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 2 to 3 mg/kg) than in patients treated with placebo in controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine. The most notable changes were SBP < 90 mm Hg, DBP < 50 mm Hg, SBP or DBP increases or decreases ≥ 20 mm Hg, and pulse increases or decreases ≥ 30 beats per minute. These changes were often dose-related and were most frequently associated with the greatest treatment difference at the 200 mg dose level. Systematic collection of orthostatic vital signs has not been conducted. The clinical significance of these various changes in vital signs has not been clearly established.

Absorption and Distribution

The pharmacokinetics of QUDEXY XR are linear with dose proportional increases in plasma concentration when administered as a single oral dose over the range of 50 mg to 1,400 mg. At 25 mg, the pharmacokinetics of QUDEXY XR are nonlinear, possibly due to the binding of topiramate to carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.

QUDEXY XR sprinkled on a spoonful of soft food is bioequivalent to the intact capsule formulation.

Following a single 200 mg oral dose of QUDEXY XR, peak plasma concentrations (T max) occurred approximately 20 hours after dosing. Steady-state was reached in about 5 days following daily dosing of QUDEXY XR in subjects with normal renal function, with a T maxof approximately 6 hours.

At steady-state, the plasma exposure (AUC 0–24hr, C max, and C min) of topiramate from QUDEXY XR administered once daily and the immediate-release topiramate tablets administered twice-daily were shown to be bioequivalent. Fluctuation of topiramate plasma concentrations at steady-state for QUDEXY XR administered once daily was approximately 40% in healthy subjects, compared to approximately 53% for immediate-release topiramate [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)] .

Compared to the fasted state, high-fat meal had no effect on bioavailability (AUC and C max) but delayed the T maxby approximately 4 hours following a single dose of QUDEXY XR. QUDEXY XR can be taken without regard to meals.

Topiramate is 15% to 41% bound to human plasma proteins over the blood concentration range of 0.5 mcg/mL to 250 mcg/mL. The fraction bound decreased as blood concentration increased.

Carbamazepine and phenytoin do not alter the binding of immediate-release topiramate. Sodium valproate, at 500 mcg/mL (a concentration 5 to 10 times higher than considered therapeutic for valproate) decreased the protein binding of immediate-release topiramate from 23% to 13%. Immediate-release topiramate does not influence the binding of sodium valproate.

Metabolism and Excretion

Topiramate is not extensively metabolized and is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine (approximately 70% of an administered dose). Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose. The metabolites are formed via hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. There is evidence of renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate. In rats, given probenecid to inhibit tubular reabsorption, along with topiramate, a significant increase in renal clearance of topiramate was observed. This interaction has not been evaluated in humans. Overall, oral plasma clearance (CL/F) is approximately 20 mL/min to 30 mL/min in adults following oral administration. The mean effective half-life of QUDEXY XR is approximately 56 hours. Steady-state is reached in about 5 days after QUDEXY XR dosing in subjects with normal renal function.

Specific Populations

Renal Impairment

The clearance of topiramate was reduced by 42% in subjects with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and by 54% in subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2) compared to subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 70 mL/min/1.73 m 2) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4, 2.6)] .

Hemodialysis

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis. Using a high-efficiency, counter flow, single pass-dialysate hemodialysis procedure, topiramate dialysis clearance was 120 mL/min with blood flow through the dialyzer at 400 mL/min. This high clearance (compared to 20 mL/min to 30 mL/min total oral clearance in healthy adults) will remove a clinically significant amount of topiramate from the patient over the hemodialysis treatment period [see Dosage and Administration (2.5)and Use in Specific Populations (8.7)] .

Hepatic Impairment

Plasma clearance of topiramate decreased a mean of 26% in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment.

Age, Gender and Race

The pharmacokinetics of topiramate in elderly subjects (65 to 85 years of age, N=16) were evaluated in a controlled clinical study. The elderly subject population had reduced renal function (creatinine clearance [-20%]) compared to young adults. Following a single oral 100 mg dose, maximum plasma concentration for elderly and young adults was achieved at approximately 1 to 2 hours. Reflecting the primary renal elimination of topiramate, topiramate plasma and renal clearance were reduced 21% and 19%, respectively, in elderly subjects, compared to young adults. Similarly, topiramate half-life was longer (13%) in the elderly. Reduced topiramate clearance resulted in slightly higher maximum plasma concentration (23%) and AUC (25%) in elderly subjects than observed in young adults. Topiramate clearance is decreased in the elderly only to the extent that renal function is reduced [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Use in Specific Populations (8.5)] .

Clearance of topiramate in adults was not affected by gender or race.

Pediatric Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics of immediate-release topiramate were evaluated in patients age 2 years to less than 16 years. Patients received either no or a combination of other antiepileptic drugs. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed on the basis of pharmacokinetic data from relevant topiramate clinical studies. This dataset contained data from 1,217 subjects including 258 pediatric patients age 2 years to less than 16 years (95 pediatric patients less than 10 years of age).

Pediatric patients on adjunctive treatment exhibited a higher oral clearance (L/h) of topiramate compared to patients on monotherapy, presumably because of increased clearance from concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. In comparison, topiramate clearance per kg is greater in pediatric patients than in adults and in young pediatric patients (down to 2 years) than in older pediatric patients. Consequently, the plasma drug concentration for the same mg/kg/day dose would be lower in pediatric patients compared to adults and also in younger pediatric patients compared to older pediatric patients. Clearance was independent of dose.

As in adults, hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs decrease the steady state plasma concentrations of topiramate.

Pediatric Patients with Obesity

A population PK analysis of topiramate was conducted in 129 children <21 years of age with and without obesity to evaluate the potential impact of obesity on plasma topiramate exposures. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥95th percentile for age and sex based on CDC-recommended BMI-for-age growth charts for males and females. Using the currently recommended dosing regimens, children with obesity are likely to have median values of average concentration at steady-state and trough concentration at steady-state that are up to 20% lower and 19% lower, respectively, compared to children without obesity. Dosage adjustment according to obesity status is not necessary..

Drug Interactions

In vitros tudies indicate that topiramate does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4/5 isozymes. In vitrostudies indicate that topiramate is a mild inhibitor of CYP2C19 and a mild inducer of CYP3A4.

Antiepileptic Drugs

Potential interactions between immediate-release topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in Table 12. Interaction of QUDEXY XR and standard AEDs is not expected to differ from the experience with immediate-release topiramate products.

In Table 12, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the co‑administered AED listed in the first column when topiramate was added. The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the co‑administration of a drug listed in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" width="60%"> <caption> <span>Table 12: Summary of AED Interactions with Topiramate</span> </caption> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="0"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-12" name="footnote-12">*</a> </dt> <dd>Plasma concentration increased 25% in some patients, generally those on a twice a day dosing regimen of phenytoin</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-13" name="footnote-13">†</a> </dt> <dd>Is not administered, but is an active metabolite of carbamazepine</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">AED</span> </p> <span class="Bold">Co‑administered</span></td><td class="Botrule"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">AED</span> </p> <span class="Bold">Concentration</span></td><td class="Botrule"><span class="Bold">Topiramate <br/> Concentration </span></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Phenytoin</td><td>NC or 25% increase <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-12" name="footnote-reference-12">*</a></td><td>48% decrease</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Carbamazepine (CBZ)</td><td>NC</td><td>40% decrease</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CBZ epoxide <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-13" name="footnote-reference-13">†</a></td><td>NC</td><td>NE</td><td></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Valproic acid</td><td>11% decrease</td><td>14% decrease</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Phenobarbital</td><td>NC</td><td>NE</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Primidone</td><td>NC</td><td>NE</td><td></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td>Lamotrigine</td><td>NC at TPM doses up to 400 mg per day</td><td>13% decrease</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

NC=Less than 10% change in plasma concentration

AED=Antiepileptic drug

NE=Not evaluated

TPM=topiramate

Oral Contraceptives

In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE), topiramate, given in the absence of other medications at doses of 50 to 200 mg per day, was not associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg per day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, topiramate (50 mg per day to 800 mg per day) did not significantly affect exposure to NET and there was no significant dose-dependent change in EE exposure for doses of 50 to 200 mg per day. The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known [see Drug Interactions (7.4)] .

Digoxin

In a single-dose study, serum digoxin AUC was decreased by 12% with concomitant topiramate administration. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been established.

Hydrochlorothiazide

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (25 mg every 24 hours) and topiramate (96 mg every 12 hours) when administered alone and concomitantly. The results of this study indicate that topiramate C maxincreased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of topiramate. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum potassium after topiramate or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and topiramate were administered in combination.

Metformin

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin (500 mg every 12 hours) and topiramate in plasma when metformin was given alone and when metformin and topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) were given simultaneously. The results of this study indicated that the mean metformin C maxand AUC 0–12hincreased by 18% and 25%, respectively, when topiramate was added. Topiramate did not affect metformin T max. The clinical significance of the effect of topiramate on metformin pharmacokinetics is not known. Oral plasma clearance of topiramate appears to be reduced when administered with metformin. The clinical significance of the effect of metformin on topiramate pharmacokinetics is unclear.

Pioglitazone

A drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and pioglitazone when administered alone and concomitantly. A 15% decrease in the AUC τ,ssof pioglitazone with no alteration in C max,sswas observed. This finding was not statistically significant. In addition, a 13% and 16% decrease in C max,ssand AUC τ,ssrespectively, of the active hydroxy-metabolite was noted as well as a 60% decrease in C max,ssand AUC τ,ssof the active keto-metabolite. The clinical significance of these findings is not known.

Glyburide

A drug-drug interaction study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of glyburide (5 mg per day) alone and concomitantly with topiramate (150 mg per day). There was a 22% decrease in C maxand a 25% reduction in AUC 24for glyburide during topiramate administration. Systemic exposure (AUC) of the active metabolites, 4- trans-hydroxy glyburide (M1) and 3- cis-hydroxyglyburide (M2), was also reduced by 13% and 15% and C maxwas reduced by 18% and 25%, respectively. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate were unaffected by concomitant administration of glyburide.

Lithium

In patients, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with topiramate at doses of 200 mg per day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure of lithium (27% for C maxand 26% for AUC) following topiramate doses up to 600 mg per day [see Drug Interactions (7.7)] .

Haloperidol

The pharmacokinetics of a single dose of haloperidol (5 mg) were not affected following multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 13 healthy adults (6 males, 7 females).

Amitriptyline

There was a 12% increase in AUC and C maxfor amitriptyline (25 mg per day) in 18 healthy subjects (9 males, 9 females) receiving 200 mg per day of topiramate.

Sumatriptan

Multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) in 24 healthy volunteers (14 males, 10 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single-dose sumatriptan either orally (100 mg) or subcutaneously (6 mg).

Risperidone

When administered concomitantly with topiramate at escalating doses of 100, 250, and 400 mg per day, there was a reduction in risperidone systemic exposure (16% and 33% for steady-state AUC at the 250 and 400 mg per day doses of topiramate). No alterations of 9-hydroxyrisperidone levels were observed. Coadministration of topiramate 400 mg per day with risperidone resulted in a 14% increase in C maxand a 12% increase in AUC 12of topiramate. There were no clinically significant changes in the systemic exposure of risperidone plus 9- hydroxyrisperidone or of topiramate; therefore, this interaction is not likely to be of clinical significance.

Propranolol

Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg per day) in 34 healthy volunteers (17 males, 17 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of propranolol following daily 160 mg doses. Propranolol doses of 160 mg per day in 39 volunteers (27 males, 12 females) had no effect on the exposure to topiramate, at a dose of 200 mg per day of topiramate.

Dihydroergotamine

Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg per day) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine. Similarly, a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 200 mg per day dose of topiramate in the same study.

Diltiazem

Coadministration of diltiazem (240 mg Cardizem CD ®) with topiramate (150 mg per day) resulted in a 10% decrease in C maxand 25% decrease in diltiazem AUC, a 27% decrease in C maxand an 18% decrease in des-acetyl diltiazem AUC, and no effect on N-desmethyl diltiazem. Co-administration of topiramate with diltiazem resulted in a 16% increase in C maxand a 19% increase in AUC 12of topiramate.

Venlafaxine

Multiple dosing of topiramate (150 mg per day) in healthy volunteers did not affect the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine or O-desmethyl venlafaxine. Multiple dosing of venlafaxine (150 mg) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of topiramate.

QUDEXY XR, taken once daily, provides similar steady-state topiramate concentrations to immediate-release topiramate taken every 12 hours, when administered at the same total daily dose. In a healthy volunteer, multiple-dose crossover study, the 90% CI for the ratios of AUC 0–24, C maxand C min, as well as partial AUC (the area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to time p (post dose)) for multiple time points were within the 80% to 125% bioequivalence limits, indicating no clinically significant difference between the two formulations. In addition, the 90% CI for the ratios of topiramate plasma concentration at each of multiple time points over 24 hours for the two formulations were within the 80% to 125% bioequivalence limits, except for the initial time points before 3 hours and at 8 hours post-dose, which is not expected to have a significant clinical impact.

The effects of switching between QUDEXY XR and immediate-release topiramate were also evaluated in the same multiple-dose, crossover, comparative bioavailability study. In healthy subjects switched from immediate-release topiramate given every 12 hours to QUDEXY XR given once daily, similar concentrations were maintained immediately after the formulation switch. On the first day following the switch, there were no significant differences in AUC 0–24, C max, and C min, as the 90% CI for the ratios were contained within the 80% to 125% equivalence limits.

Carcinogenesis

An increase in urinary bladder tumors was observed in mice given topiramate (0, 20, 75, and 300 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 21 months. An increase in the incidence of bladder tumors in males and females receiving 300 mg/kg/day was primarily due to the increased occurrence of a smooth muscle tumor considered histomorphologically unique to mice. The higher of the doses not associated with an increase in tumors (75 mg/kg/day) is equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg) and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine (100 mg) on a mg/m 2basis. The relevance of this finding to human carcinogenic risk is uncertain.

No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in rats following oral administration of topiramate for 2 years at doses up to 120 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 12 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2basis).

Mutagenesis

Topiramate did not demonstrate genotoxic potential when tested in a battery of in vitroand in vivoassays. Topiramate was not mutagenic in the Ames test or the in vitromouse lymphoma assay; it did not increase unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro; and it did not increase chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitroor in rat bone marrow in vivo.

Impairment of Fertility

No adverse effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats administered topiramate orally at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 10 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2basis) prior to and during mating and early pregnancy.

Although a controlled clinical trial was performed (Study 14) [see Clinical Studies (14.4)] , the basis for approval of the extended-release formulation (QUDEXY XR) included the studies described below using an immediate-release formulation [see Clinical Studies (14.2, 14.3, 14.5)] and the demonstration of the pharmacokinetic equivalence of QUDEXY XR to immediate-release topiramate through the analysis of concentrations and cumulative AUCs at multiple time points [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.6)] .

Patients with Partial-Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The effectiveness of topiramate as initial monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, dose-controlled, parallel-group trial (Study 1).

Study 1 was conducted in 487 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (6 to 83 years of age) who had 1 or 2 well-documented seizures during the 3-month retrospective baseline phase who then entered the study and received topiramate 25 mg/day for 7 days in an open-label fashion. Forty-nine percent of subjects had no prior AED treatment and 17% had a diagnosis of epilepsy for greater than 24 months. Any AED therapy used for temporary or emergency purposes was discontinued prior to randomization. In the double-blind phase, 470 patients were randomized to titrate up to 50 mg/day or 400 mg/day of topiramate. If the target dose could not be achieved, patients were maintained on the maximum tolerated dose. Fifty-eight percent of patients achieved the maximal dose of 400 mg/day for >2 weeks, and patients who did not tolerate 150 mg/day were discontinued.

The primary efficacy assessment was a between-group comparison of time to first seizure during the double-blind phase. Comparison of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of time to first seizure favored the topiramate 400 mg/day group over the topiramate 50 mg/day group (Figure 1). The treatment effects with respect to time to first seizure were consistent across various patient subgroups defined by age, sex, geographic region, baseline body weight, baseline seizure type, time since diagnosis, and baseline AED use.

Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Cumulative Rates for Time to First Seizure in Study 1

Pediatric Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age

The conclusion that topiramate is effective as initial monotherapy in pediatric patients 2 to 9 years of age with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was based on a pharmacometric bridging approach using data from the controlled epilepsy trials conducted with immediate-release topiramate described in labeling. This approach consisted of first showing a similar exposure-response relationship between pediatric patients down to 2 years of age and adults when immediate-release topiramate was given as adjunctive therapy. Similarity of exposure-response was also demonstrated in pediatric patients 6 to less than 16 years of age and adults when topiramate was given as initial monotherapy. Specific dosing in pediatric patients 2 to 9 years of age was derived from simulations utilizing plasma exposure ranges observed in pediatric and adult patients treated with immediate-release topiramate initial monotherapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)] .

Adult Patients with Partial-Onset Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for adults with partial-onset seizures was established in six multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Studies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7), two comparing several dosages of topiramate and placebo and four comparing a single dosage with placebo, in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures.

Patients in these studies were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In each study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during baseline phase lasting between 4 and 12 weeks. Patients who experienced a pre-specified minimum number of partial onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, during the baseline phase (12 seizures for 12-week baseline, 8 for 8-week baseline or 3 for 4-week baseline) were randomly assigned to placebo or a specified dose of topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. In five of the six studies, patients received active drug beginning at 100 mg per day; the dose was then increased by 100 mg or 200 mg/day increments weekly or every other week until the assigned dose was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. In Study 7, the 25 or 50 mg/day initial doses of topiramate were followed by respective weekly increments of 25 or 50 mg/day until the target dose of 200 mg/day was reached. After titration, patients entered a 4, 8 or 12-week stabilization period. The numbers of patients randomized to each dose and the actual mean and median doses in the stabilization period are shown in Table 13.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 16 Years of Age with Partial-Onset Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 8), comparing topiramate and placebo in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures (see Table 14).

Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In Study 8, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least six partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures, during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 25 or 50 mg/day; the dose was then increased by 25 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dosage of 125, 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period.

Patients with Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 9), comparing a single dosage of topiramate and placebo (see Table 14).

Patients in Study 9 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least three primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs.

Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 50 mg/day for four weeks; the dose was then increased by 50 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dose of 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' body weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered a 12-week stabilization period.

Patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 10) comparing a single dosage of topiramate with placebo (see Table 14).

Patients in Study 10 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients who were experiencing at least 60 seizures per month before study entry were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during a 4-week baseline phase. Following baseline, patients were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Active drug was titrated beginning at 1 mg/kg/day for a week; the dose was then increased to 3 mg/kg/day for one week, then to 6 mg/kg/day. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period. The primary measures of effectiveness were the percent reduction in drop attacks and a parental global rating of seizure severity.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 13: Immediate-Release Topiramate Dose Summary During the Stabilization Periods of Each of Six Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trials in Adults with Partial-Onset Seizures <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-14" name="footnote-reference-14">*</a></span> </caption> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="11%"/> <col align="left" valign="middle" width="20%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="11%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="11%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="11%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="12%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="12%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="12%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="center"></th><th align="left"></th><th align="center"></th><th align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="5">Target Topiramate Dosage (mg/day)</th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="center">Study</th><th align="center">Stabilization Dose</th><th align="center">Placebo <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-15" name="footnote-reference-15">†</a></th><th align="center">200</th><th align="center">400</th><th align="center">600</th><th align="center">800</th><th align="center">1,000</th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="8"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-14" name="footnote-14">*</a> </dt> <dd>Dose-response studies were not conducted for other indications or pediatric partial-onset seizures</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-15" name="footnote-15">†</a> </dt> <dd>Placebo dosages are given as the number of tablets. Placebo target dosages were as follows: Study 4 (4 tablets/day); Studies 2 and 5 (6 tablets/day); Studies 6 and 7 (8 tablets/day); Study 3 (10 tablets/day)</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">2</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">42</td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">41</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mean Dose</td><td align="center">5.9</td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">390</td><td align="center">556</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">Median Dose</td><td align="center">6.0</td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">400</td><td align="center">600</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">3</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">44</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">40</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mean Dose</td><td align="center">9.7</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">544</td><td align="center">739</td><td align="center">796</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">Median Dose</td><td align="center">10.0</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">600</td><td align="center">800</td><td align="center">1,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">4</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">23</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">19</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mean Dose</td><td align="center">3.8</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">395</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">Median Dose</td><td align="center">4.0</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">400</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">5</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">30</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mean Dose</td><td align="center">5.7</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">522</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">Median Dose</td><td align="center">6.0</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">600</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">6</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">25</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mean Dose</td><td align="center">7.9</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">568</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">Median Dose</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">600</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">7</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">90</td><td align="center">157</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mean Dose</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Median Dose</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">200</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In all adjunctive topiramate trials, the reduction in seizure rate from baseline during the entire double-blind phase was measured. The median percent reductions in seizure rates and the responder rates (fraction of patients with at least a 50% reduction) by treatment group for each study are shown below in Table 14. As described above, a global improvement in seizure severity was also assessed in the Lennox-Gastaut trial.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 14: Efficacy Results in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials</span> </caption> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="left" valign="middle" width="20%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="10%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="center"></th><th align="left"></th><th align="center"></th><th align="center" class="Botrule" colspan="6">Target Topiramate Dosage (mg per day)</th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="center" valign="bottom">Study #</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">#</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">Placebo</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">200</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">400</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">600</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">800</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">1,000</th><th align="center" valign="bottom">≈6 mg/kg/day <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-16" name="footnote-reference-16">*</a></th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr class="First Last"> <td align="left" colspan="9">Comparisons with placebo:</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="9"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-16" name="footnote-16">*</a> </dt> <dd>For Studies 8 and 9, specified target dosages (less than 9.3 mg/kg/day) were assigned based on subject's weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day; these dosages corresponded to mg per day dosages of 125 mg per day, 175 mg per day, 225 mg per day, and 400 mg per day</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-17" name="footnote-17">†</a> </dt> <dd>p=0.080; </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-18" name="footnote-18">‡</a> </dt> <dd>p ≤ 0.010;</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-19" name="footnote-19">§</a> </dt> <dd>p ≤ 0.001; </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-20" name="footnote-20">¶</a> </dt> <dd>p ≤ 0.050; </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-21" name="footnote-21">#</a> </dt> <dd>p=0.065;</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-22" name="footnote-22">Þ</a> </dt> <dd>p ≤0.005;</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-23" name="footnote-23">ß</a> </dt> <dd>Median % reduction and % responders are reported for PGTC seizures</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-24" name="footnote-24">à</a> </dt> <dd>Median % reduction and % responders for drop attacks, i.e., tonic or atonic seizures</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-25" name="footnote-25">è</a> </dt> <dd>p=0.071</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-26" name="footnote-26">ð</a> </dt> <dd>Percent of subjects who were minimally, much, or very much improved from baseline.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td align="left" colspan="9"><span class="Bold">Partial-Onset Seizures Studies in Adults</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">2</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">46</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">12</td><td align="center">27 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-17" name="footnote-reference-17">†</a></td><td align="center">48 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-18" name="footnote-reference-18">‡</a></td><td align="center">45 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19" name="footnote-reference-19">§</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">18</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">44 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20" name="footnote-reference-20">¶</a></td><td align="center">46 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">3</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">47</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">48</td><td align="center">48</td><td align="center">47</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">41 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">41 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">36 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">40 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">41 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">36 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">4</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">23</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">41 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-21" name="footnote-reference-21">#</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">35 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">5</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">30</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">30</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">-12</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">46 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-22" name="footnote-reference-22">Þ</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">10</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">47 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">6</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">-21</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">24 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">43 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">7</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">91</td><td align="center">168</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">44 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">24</td><td align="center">45 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" colspan="9"><span class="Bold">Partial-Onset Seizures Studies in Pediatric Patients</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">8</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">45</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">41</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">11</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">33 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">39</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" colspan="9"><span class="Bold">Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-23" name="footnote-reference-23">ß</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="3">9</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">40</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">39</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">57 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">20</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">56 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-19">§</a></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" colspan="9"><span class="Bold">Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-24" name="footnote-reference-24">à</a></span></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" class="Botrule" rowspan="4">10</td><td align="left">N</td><td align="center">49</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">46</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median % Reduction</td><td align="center">-5</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">--</td><td align="center">15 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">% Responders</td><td align="center">14</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">28 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-25" name="footnote-reference-25">è</a></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">Improvement in Seizure Severity <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-26" name="footnote-reference-26">ð</a></td><td align="center">28</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">52 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-20">¶</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Subset analyses of the antiepileptic efficacy of topiramate tablets in these studies showed no differences as a function of gender, race, age, baseline seizure rate, or concomitant AED.

In clinical trials for epilepsy, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 50 to 100 mg/day in adults and over a 2- to 8-week period in pediatric patients; transition was permitted to a new antiepileptic regimen when clinically indicated.

The effectiveness of QUDEXY XR as an adjunctive treatment for adults (18 to 75 years of age) was evaluated in a randomized, international, multi-center, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization (Study 14).

Patients with partial-onset seizures on a stable dose of 1 to 3 AEDs entered into an 8-week baseline period. Patients who experienced at least 8 partial onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, and no more than 21 consecutive seizure free days during the 8-week baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or QUDEXY XR administered once daily in addition to their concomitant AEDs. Following randomization, 249 patients began the double-blind treatment phase, which consisted of an initial 3-week titration period followed by an 8-week maintenance period. During the titration period, patients received QUDEXY XR or placebo beginning at 50 mg once daily; the dose was increased at weekly intervals by 50 mg once daily, or the placebo equivalent, until a final dose of 200 mg once daily was achieved. Patients then entered the maintenance period at the assigned dose of 200 mg once daily, or its placebo equivalent.

The percent reduction in the frequency of partial-onset seizure, baseline period compared to the treatment phase, was the primary endpoint. Data was analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, with the criteria of statistical significance of p<0.05. The results of the analysis are presented in Table 15. The median percent reduction in seizure rate was 39.5% in patients taking QUDEXY XR (N=124) and 21.7% in patients taking placebo (N=125). This difference was statistically significant.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="50%"> <caption> <span>Table 15: Percent Reduction From Baseline in Partial-Onset Seizure Frequency During 11-week Treatment Period in Study 14</span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="middle" width="50%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="30%"/> <col align="center" valign="middle" width="20%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="left" valign="bottom">Study End Point</th><th align="center">QUDEXY XR <br/> (N=124) </th><th align="center">Placebo <br/> (N=125) </th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-27" name="footnote-27">*</a> </dt> <dd>Statistically Significant by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First Last"> <td align="left">Median Percent Reduction from Baseline <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-27" name="footnote-reference-27">*</a></td><td align="center">39.5%</td><td align="center">21.7%</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Figure 2 shows the change from baseline during titration plus maintenance (11 weeks) in partial-onset seizure frequency by category for patients treated with QUDEXY XR and placebo. Patients in whom the seizure frequency increased are shown as "worse." Patients in whom the seizure frequency decreased are shown in four categories of reduction in seizure frequency.

Figure 2: Proportion of Patients by Category of Seizure Response to QUDEXY XR and Placebo

Adult Patients

The results of 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials conducted in the US (Study 11) or the US and Canada (Study 12) established the effectiveness of immediate-release topiramate in the preventive treatment of migraine. The design of both trials was identical, enrolling patients with a history of migraine, with or without aura, for at least 6 months, according to the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria. Patients with a history of cluster headaches or basilar, ophthalmoplegic, hemiplegic, or transformed migraine headaches were excluded from the trials. Patients were required to have completed up to a 2-week washout of any prior migraine preventive medications before starting the baseline phase.

Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine headaches over the 4 weeks in the baseline phase were randomized to either topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day (twice the recommended daily dosage for the preventive treatment of migraine), or placebo and treated for a total of 26 weeks (8-week titration period and 18-week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily).

Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the reduction in migraine headache frequency, as measured by the change in 4-week migraine rate (according to migraines classified by IHS criteria) from the baseline phase to double-blind treatment period in each immediate-release topiramate treatment group compared to placebo in the Intent-To-Treat (ITT) population.

In Study 11, a total of 469 patients (416 females, 53 males), ranging in age from 13 to 70 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred sixty-five patients completed the entire 26-week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 48 mg/day, 88 mg/day, and 132 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively.

The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches per 28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4-week migraine headache frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.3, -2.1, and -2.2 in the immediate-release topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -0.8 in the placebo group (see Figure 3). The treatment differences between the immediate-release topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p<0.001 for both comparisons).

In Study 12, a total of 468 patients (406 females, 62 males), ranging in age from 12 to 65 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred fifty-five patients completed the entire 26-week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 47 mg/day, 86 mg/day, and 150 mg/day in the target dose groups of immediate-release topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively.

The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches per 28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4-week migraine headache period frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.4, -2.1, and -2.4 in the immediate-release topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -1.1 in the placebo group (see Figure 3). The differences between the immediate-release topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p=0.008 and p <0.001, respectively).

In both studies, there were no apparent differences in treatment effect within age or gender subgroups. Because most patients were Caucasian, there were insufficient numbers of patients from different races to make a meaningful comparison of race.

For patients withdrawing from immediate-release topiramate, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 25 to 50 mg/day.

Figure 3: Reduction in 4-Week Migraine Headache Frequency(Studies 11 and 12 for Adults and Adolescents)

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

The effectiveness of immediate-release topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (Study 13). The study enrolled 103 patients (40 male, 63 female) 12 to 17 years of age with episodic migraine headaches with or without aura. Patient selection was based on IHS criteria for migraines (using proposed revisions to the 1988 IHS pediatric migraine criteria [IHS-R criteria]).

Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine attacks (according to migraines classified by patient reported diaries) and ≤14 headache days (migraine and non-migraine) during the 4-week prospective baseline period were randomized to either immediate-release topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, or placebo and treated for a total of 16 weeks (4-week titration period followed by a 12-week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily). Approximately 80% or more patients in each treatment group completed the study. The median average daily dosages were 45 and 79 mg/day in the target dose groups of immediate-release topiramate 50 and 100 mg/day, respectively.

Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by comparing each immediate-release topiramate treatment group to placebo (ITT population) for the percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in the monthly migraine attack rate (primary endpoint). The percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly migraine attack rate is shown in Table 16. The 100 mg immediate-release topiramate dose produced a statistically significant treatment difference relative to placebo of 28% reduction from baseline in the monthly migraine attack rate.

The mean reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly attack rate, a key secondary efficacy endpoint in Study 13 (and the primary efficacy endpoint in Studies 11 and 12, of adults) was 3.0 for 100 mg immediate-release topiramate dose and 1.7 for placebo. This 1.3 treatment difference in mean reduction from baseline of monthly migraine rate was statistically significant (p = 0.0087).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="75%"> <caption> <span>Table 16: Percent Reduction from Baseline to the Last 12 Weeks of Double-Blind Phase in Average Monthly Attack Rate: Study 13 (Intent-to-Treat Analysis Set)</span> </caption> <col align="left" valign="top" width="36%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="10%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="27%"/> <col align="center" valign="top" width="27%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th align="left">Category</th><th align="center">Placebo <br/> (N=33) </th><th align="center">Topiramate 50 mg/day <br/> (N=35) </th><th align="center">Topiramate 100 mg/day <br/> (N=35) </th> </tr> </thead> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="4"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-28" name="footnote-28">*</a> </dt> <dd>P-values (two-sided) for comparisons relative to placebo are generated by applying an ANCOVA model on ranks that includes subject's stratified age at baseline, treatment group, and analysis center as factors and monthly migraine attack rate during baseline period as a covariate.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-29" name="footnote-29">†</a> </dt> <dd>P-values for the dose groups are the adjusted p-value according to the Hochberg multiple comparison procedure.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-30" name="footnote-30">‡</a> </dt> <dd>Indicates p-value is &lt; 0.05 (two-sided).</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody> <tr class="First"> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Baseline</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median</td><td align="center">3.6</td><td align="center">4.0</td><td align="center">4.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Last 12 Weeks of Double-Blind Phase</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median</td><td align="center">2.3</td><td align="center">2.3</td><td align="center">1.0</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="Bold">Percent Reduction (%)</span></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center"></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left">Median</td><td align="center">44.4</td><td align="center">44.6</td><td align="center">72.2</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left">P-value versus Placebo <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-28" name="footnote-reference-28">*</a><span class="Sup">,</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-29" name="footnote-reference-29">†</a></td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">0.7975</td><td align="center">0.0164 <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-30" name="footnote-reference-30">‡</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

QUDEXY ®XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules contain beads of topiramate in a capsule and are available in the following strengths and colors:

25 mg: light pink and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "25 mg" on the body in black ink. 25 mg capsules are supplied in the following package configurations:

50 mg: golden yellow and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "50 mg" on the body in black ink. 50 mg capsules are supplied in the following package configurations:

100 mg: reddish brown and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "100 mg" on the body in black ink. 100 mg capsules are supplied in the following package configurations:

150 mg: pale yellow and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in black ink and "150 mg" on the body in black ink. 150 mg capsules are supplied in the following package configurations:

200 mg: brown and grey capsules, printed with "UPSHER-SMITH" on the cap in white ink and "200 mg" on the body in black ink. 200 mg capsules are supplied in the following package configurations:

QUDEXY XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules should be stored in a tightly closed container at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture.

Administration Instructions

Counsel patients to swallow QUDEXY XR capsules whole or carefully open and sprinkle the entire contents on a spoonful of soft food. This drug/food mixture should be swallowed immediately and not chewed. Do not store drug/food mixture for future use [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)] .

Eye Disorders

Advise patients taking QUDEXY XR to seek immediate medical attention if they experience blurred vision, visual disturbances or periorbital pain [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1and 5.2)] .

Oligohydrosis and Hyperthermia

Closely monitor QUDEXY XR-treated patients, especially pediatric patients, for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Counsel patients to contact their healthcare professionals immediately if they develop a high or persistent fever, or decreased sweating [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .

Metabolic Acidosis

Warn patients about the potential significant risk for metabolic acidosis that may be asymptomatic and may be associated with adverse effects on kidneys (e.g., kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis), bones (e.g., osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and/or rickets in children), and growth (e.g., growth delay/retardation) in pediatric patients, and on the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.1), (8.4)].

Suicidal Behavior and Ideation

Counsel patients, their caregivers, and families that AEDs, including QUDEXY XR, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and they should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Instruct patients to immediately report behaviors of concern to their healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)] .

Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance

Warn patients about the potential for somnolence, dizziness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, visual effects, and advise patients not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on QUDEXY XR to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental performance, motor performance, and/or vision [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)] .

Even when taking QUDEXY XR, or other anticonvulsants, some patients with epilepsy will continue to have unpredictable seizures. Therefore, advise all patients taking QUDEXY XR for epilepsy to exercise appropriate caution when engaging in any activities where loss of consciousness could result in serious danger to themselves or those around them (including swimming, driving a car, climbing in high places, etc.). Some patients with refractory epilepsy will need to avoid such activities altogether. Discuss the appropriate level of caution with patients, before patients with epilepsy engage in such activities.

Fetal Toxicity

Inform pregnant women and women of childbearing potential that use of QUDEXY XR during pregnancy can cause fetal harm. QUDEXY XR increased the risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), which occur early in pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant. Also inform patients that infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy in uteromay be small for their gestational age. There may also be risks to the fetus from chronic metabolic acidosis with use of QUDEXY XR during pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] . When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options.

Advise women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy to use effective contraception while using QUDEXY XR, keeping in mind that there is a potential for decreased contraceptive efficacy when using estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives with topiramate [see Drug Interactions (7.4)] .

Encourage pregnant women using QUDEXY XR to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. The registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)] .

Decrease in Bone Mineral Density

Inform the patient or caregiver that long-term treatment with QUDEXY XR can decrease bone formation and increase bone resorption in children [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)] .

Negative Effects on Growth (Height and Weight)

Discuss with the patient or caregiver that long-term QUDEXY XR treatment may attenuate growth as reflected by slower height increase and weight gain in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)] .

Serious Skin Reactions

Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider at the first appearance of skin rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].

Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy

Warn patients about the possible development of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although hyperammonemia may be asymptomatic, clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. This hyperammonemia and encephalopathy can develop with topiramate treatment alone or with topiramate treatment with concomitant valproic acid (VPA).

Instruct patients to contact their physician if they develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)] .

Kidney Stones

Instruct patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to minimize the risk of kidney stone formation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)] .

Hypothermia

Counsel patients that QUDEXY XR can cause a reduction in body temperature, which can lead to alterations in mental status. If they note such changes, they should call their health care professional and measure their body temperature. Patients taking concomitant valproic acid should be specifically counseled on this potential adverse reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)] .

Antiepileptic Drugs

Potential interactions between immediate-release topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in Table 12. Interaction of QUDEXY XR and standard AEDs is not expected to differ from the experience with immediate-release topiramate products.

In Table 12, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the co-administered AED listed in the first column when topiramate was added. The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the co-administration of a drug listed in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <col align="left" valign="top" width="30%"/> <col align="left" valign="top" width="30%"/> <col align="left" valign="top" width="6%"/> <col align="left" valign="top" width="34%"/> <tfoot> <tr class="First First Last Last"> <td align="left" colspan="3">This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.</td><td align="left" colspan="1">Revised: 3/2025</td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">MEDICATION GUIDE <br/> QUDEXY <span class="Sup">®</span>XR (cue-DEKS-ee ex-arr) <br/> (topiramate) Extended-Release Capsules, for oral use </span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What is the most important information I should know about QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">QUDEXY XR may cause eye problems.</span>Serious eye problems include: </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>any sudden decrease in vision with or without eye pain and redness,</li> <li>a blockage of fluid in the eye causing increased pressure in the eye (secondary angle closure glaucoma).</li> </ul> <p>These eye problems can lead to permanent loss of vision if not treated. You should call your healthcare provider right away if you have any new eye symptoms, including any new problems with your vision.</p> <p> <span class="Bold">QUDEXY XR may cause decreased sweating and increased body temperature (fever).</span>People, especially children, should be watched for signs of decreased sweating and fever, especially in hot temperatures. Some people may need to be hospitalized for this condition. If you have a high fever, a fever that does not go away, or decreased sweating develops, call your healthcare provider right away. </p> <p> <span class="Bold">QUDEXY XR can increase the level of acid in your blood (metabolic acidosis).</span>If left untreated, metabolic acidosis can cause brittle or soft bones (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia), kidney stones, can slow the rate of growth in children, and may possibly harm your baby if you are pregnant. Metabolic acidosis can happen with or without symptoms. Sometimes people with metabolic acidosis will: </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>feel tired</li> <li>not feel hungry (loss of appetite)</li> <li>feel changes in heartbeat</li> <li>have trouble thinking clearly</li> </ul> <p>Your healthcare provider should do a blood test to measure the level of acid in your blood before and during your treatment with QUDEXY XR.</p> <p>If you are pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare provider about whether you have metabolic acidosis.</p> <p> <span class="Bold">Like other antiepileptic drugs, QUDEXY XR may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" class="Lrule"> <ul class="Circle"> <li>thoughts about suicide or dying</li> <li>attempts to commit suicide</li> <li>new or worse depression</li> <li>new or worse anxiety</li> </ul> </td><td align="left"> <ul class="Circle"> <li>feeling agitated or restless</li> <li>panic attacks</li> <li>trouble sleeping (insomnia)</li> <li>new or worse irritability</li> </ul> </td><td align="left" class="Rrule" colspan="2"> <ul class="Circle"> <li>acting aggressive, being angry, or violent</li> <li>acting on dangerous impulses</li> <li>an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)</li> <li>other unusual changes in behavior or mood</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Do not stop QUDEXY XR without first talking to a healthcare provider.</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Stopping QUDEXY XR suddenly can cause serious problems.</li> <li>Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.</li> <li>Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.</li> <li>Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.</li> </ul> <p> <span class="Bold">QUDEXY XR can harm your unborn baby.</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>If you take QUDEXY XR during pregnancy, your baby has a higher risk for birth including cleft lip and cleft palate. These defects can begin early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant.</li> <li>Birth defects may happen even in children born to women who are not taking any medicines and do not have other risk factors.</li> <li>There may be other medicines to treat your condition that have a lower chance of birth defects.</li> <li>All women of childbearing age should talk to their healthcare providers about using other possible treatments instead of QUDEXY XR. If the decision is made to use QUDEXY XR, you should use effective birth control (contraception) unless you are planning to become pregnant. You should talk to your healthcare provider about the best kind of birth control to use while you are taking QUDEXY XR.</li> <li>Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking QUDEXY XR. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will continue to take QUDEXY XR while you are pregnant.</li> <li>If you take QUDEXY XR during pregnancy, your baby may be smaller than expected at birth. The long-term effects of this are not known. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about this risk during pregnancy.</li> <li>Metabolic acidosis may have harmful effects on your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if QUDEXY XR has caused metabolic acidosis during your pregnancy.</li> <li>Pregnancy Registry: If you become pregnant while taking QUDEXY XR, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of QUDEXY XR and other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.</li> </ul> <p>QUDEXY XR may decrease the density of bones when used over a long period. <br/> QUDEXY XR may slow height increase and weight gain in children and adolescents when used over a long period. </p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What is QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <p>QUDEXY XR is a prescription medicine used:</p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures) in adults and children 2 years of age and older,</li> <li>with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in adults and children 2 years of age and older,</li> <li>to prevent migraine headaches in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Before taking QUDEXY XR, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>have or have had depression, mood problems or suicidal thoughts or behavior</li> <li>have kidney problems, kidney stones or are getting kidney dialysis</li> <li>have a history of metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood)</li> <li>have liver problems</li> <li>have weak, brittle or soft bones (osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or decreased bone density)</li> <li>have lung or breathing problems</li> <li>have eye problems, especially glaucoma</li> <li>have diarrhea</li> <li>have a growth problem</li> <li>are on a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, which is called a ketogenic diet</li> <li>are having surgery</li> <li>are pregnant or plan to become pregnant</li> <li>are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. QUDEXY XR passes into breast milk. Breastfed babies may be sleepy or have diarrhea. It is not known if the QUDEXY XR that passes into breast milk can cause other serious harm to your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take QUDEXY XR.</li> </ul> <p>Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. QUDEXY XR and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects.</p> <p>Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:</p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Valproic acid (such as DEPAKENE <span class="Sup">®</span>or DEPAKOTE <span class="Sup">®</span>) </li> <li>any medicines that impair or decrease your thinking, concentration, or muscle coordination</li> <li>birth control that contains hormones (such as pills, implants, patches or injections). QUDEXY XR may make your birth control less effective. Tell your healthcare provider if your menstrual bleeding changes while you are using birth control and QUDEXY XR.</li> </ul> <p>Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.</p> <p>Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">How should I take QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Take QUDEXY XR exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to.</li> <li>Your healthcare provider may change your dose. <span class="Bold">Do not</span>change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider. </li> <li>QUDEXY XR capsules may be swallowed whole or, if you cannot swallow the capsule whole, you may carefully open the QUDEXY XR capsule and sprinkle the medicine on a spoonful of soft food like applesauce. <ul class="Circle"> <li>Swallow the food and medicine mixture right away. <span class="Bold">Do not</span>store the food and medicine mixture to use later. </li> <li>Do not crush or chew QUDEXY XR before swallowing.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Drink plenty fluids during the day. This may help prevent kidney stones while taking QUDEXY XR.</li> <li>If you take too much QUDEXY XR, call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest emergency room.</li> <li>QUDEXY XR can be taken before, during, or after a meal.</li> <li>If you miss a single dose of QUDEXY XR, take it as soon as you can. If you have missed more than one dose, you should call your healthcare provider for advice.</li> <li>Do not stop taking QUDEXY XR without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping QUDEXY XR suddenly may cause serious problems. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking QUDEXY XR suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to stop taking QUDEXY XR slowly.</li> <li>Your healthcare provider may do blood tests while you take QUDEXY XR.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What should I avoid while taking QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>You should not drink alcohol while taking QUDEXY XR. QUDEXY XR and alcohol can affect each other causing side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness.</li> <li>Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how QUDEXY XR affects you. QUDEXY XR can slow your thinking and motor skills and may affect vision.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What are the possible side effects of QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">QUDEXY XR may cause serious side effects, including:</span> </p> <p>See " <a href="#info">What is the most important information I should know about QUDEXY XR?</a>" </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li> <span class="Bold">High blood ammonia levels.</span>High ammonia in the blood can affect your mental activities, slow your alertness, make you feel tired, or cause vomiting. This has happened when QUDEXY XR is taken with a medicine called valproic acid (DEPAKENE <span class="Sup">®</span>and DEPAKOTE <span class="Sup">®</span>). </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Kidney stones.</span>Drink plenty of fluids when taking QUDEXY XR to decrease your chances of getting kidney stones. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Low body temperature.</span>Taking QUDEXY XR when you are also taking valproic acid can cause a drop-in body temperature to less than 95°F, or can cause tiredness, confusion, or coma. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Effects on thinking and alertness.</span>QUDEXY XR may affect how you think, and cause confusion, problems with concentration, attention, memory, or speech. QUDEXY XR may cause depression or mood problems, tiredness, and sleepiness. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Dizziness or loss of muscle coordination.</span> </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Serious skin reactions</span>. QUDEXY XR may cause a severe rash with blisters and peeling skin, especially around the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). QUDEXY XR may also cause a rash with blisters and peeling skin over much of the body that may cause death (toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop a skin rash or blisters. </li> </ul> <p>Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms above.</p> <p> <span class="Bold">The most common side effects of QUDEXY XR include:</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" class="Lrule"> <ul class="Circle"> <li>tingling of the arms and legs (paresthesia)</li> <li>not feeling hungry</li> <li>weight loss</li> <li>nervousness</li> <li>nausea</li> </ul> </td><td align="left" colspan="2"> <ul class="Circle"> <li>speech problems</li> <li>tiredness</li> <li>dizziness</li> <li>sleepiness/drowsiness</li> <li>a change in the way foods taste</li> <li>upper respiratory tract infection</li> <li>decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin</li> </ul> </td><td align="left" class="Rrule"> <ul class="Circle"> <li>slow reactions</li> <li>difficulty with memory</li> <li>fever</li> <li>abnormal vision</li> <li>diarrhea</li> <li>pain in the abdomen</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First">Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.</p> <p>These are not all the possible side effects of QUDEXY XR. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.</p> <p>Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.</p> <p>You may also report side effects to Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC at 1-855-899-9180.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">How should I store QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Store QUDEXY XR capsules at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).</li> <li>Keep QUDEXY XR in a tightly closed container.</li> <li>Keep QUDEXY XR dry and away from moisture.</li> <li> <span class="Bold">Keep QUDEXY XR and all medicines out of the reach of children.</span> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">General information about the safe and effective use of QUDEXY XR.</span> </p> <p>Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use QUDEXY XR for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give QUDEXY XR to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about QUDEXY XR that is written for health professionals.</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="left" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">What are the ingredients in QUDEXY XR?</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Active ingredient:</span>topiramate </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Inactive ingredients:</span>microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose 2910, ethylcellulose, diethyl phthalate, titanium dioxide, black iron oxide, red iron oxide and/or yellow iron oxide, black pharmaceutical ink, and white pharmaceutical ink (200 mg only). </p> <p>Distributed by: <span class="Bold">UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, LLC</span>, Maple Grove, MN 55369 <br/> Qudexy is a registered trademark of Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC. All other marks are property of their respective owners. <br/> This product may be covered by one or more U.S. patent(s). See www.uslpatents.com. <br/> For more information, go to www.upsher-smith.com or call UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, LLC at 1-888-650-3789. </p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

{ "type": "table", "children": [], "text": "<div class=\"scrollingtable\"><table width=\"100%\">\n<col align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30%\"/>\n<col align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" width=\"30%\"/>\n<col align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" width=\"6%\"/>\n<col align=\"left\" valign=\"top\" width=\"34%\"/>\n<tfoot>\n<tr class=\"First First Last Last\">\n<td align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\">This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.</td><td align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\">Revised: 3/2025</td>\n</tr>\n</tfoot>\n<tbody class=\"Headless\">\n<tr class=\"Botrule First First\">\n<td align=\"center\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">MEDICATION GUIDE \n <br/> QUDEXY\n \n <span class=\"Sup\">®</span>XR (cue-DEKS-ee ex-arr) \n <br/> (topiramate) Extended-Release Capsules, for oral use\n \n </span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What is the most important information I should know about QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">QUDEXY XR may cause eye problems.</span>Serious eye problems include:\n \n </p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>any sudden decrease in vision with or without eye pain and redness,</li>\n<li>a blockage of fluid in the eye causing increased pressure in the eye (secondary angle closure glaucoma).</li>\n</ul>\n<p>These eye problems can lead to permanent loss of vision if not treated. You should call your healthcare provider right away if you have any new eye symptoms, including any new problems with your vision.</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">QUDEXY XR may cause decreased sweating and increased body temperature (fever).</span>People, especially children, should be watched for signs of decreased sweating and fever, especially in hot temperatures. Some people may need to be hospitalized for this condition. If you have a high fever, a fever that does not go away, or decreased sweating develops, call your healthcare provider right away.\n \n </p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">QUDEXY XR can increase the level of acid in your blood (metabolic acidosis).</span>If left untreated, metabolic acidosis can cause brittle or soft bones (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia), kidney stones, can slow the rate of growth in children, and may possibly harm your baby if you are pregnant. Metabolic acidosis can happen with or without symptoms. Sometimes people with metabolic acidosis will:\n \n </p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>feel tired</li>\n<li>not feel hungry (loss of appetite)</li>\n<li>feel changes in heartbeat</li>\n<li>have trouble thinking clearly</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Your healthcare provider should do a blood test to measure the level of acid in your blood before and during your treatment with QUDEXY XR.</p>\n<p>If you are pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare provider about whether you have metabolic acidosis.</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Like other antiepileptic drugs, QUDEXY XR may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule\">\n<ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>thoughts about suicide or dying</li>\n<li>attempts to commit suicide</li>\n<li>new or worse depression</li>\n<li>new or worse anxiety</li>\n</ul>\n</td><td align=\"left\">\n<ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>feeling agitated or restless</li>\n<li>panic attacks</li>\n<li>trouble sleeping (insomnia)</li>\n<li>new or worse irritability</li>\n</ul>\n</td><td align=\"left\" class=\"Rrule\" colspan=\"2\">\n<ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>acting aggressive, being angry, or violent</li>\n<li>acting on dangerous impulses</li>\n<li>an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)</li>\n<li>other unusual changes in behavior or mood</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Do not stop QUDEXY XR without first talking to a healthcare provider.</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Stopping QUDEXY XR suddenly can cause serious problems.</li>\n<li>Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.</li>\n<li>Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.</li>\n<li>Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">QUDEXY XR can harm your unborn baby.</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>If you take QUDEXY XR during pregnancy, your baby has a higher risk for birth including cleft lip and cleft palate. These defects can begin early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant.</li>\n<li>Birth defects may happen even in children born to women who are not taking any medicines and do not have other risk factors.</li>\n<li>There may be other medicines to treat your condition that have a lower chance of birth defects.</li>\n<li>All women of childbearing age should talk to their healthcare providers about using other possible treatments instead of QUDEXY XR. If the decision is made to use QUDEXY XR, you should use effective birth control (contraception) unless you are planning to become pregnant. You should talk to your healthcare provider about the best kind of birth control to use while you are taking QUDEXY XR.</li>\n<li>Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking QUDEXY XR. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will continue to take QUDEXY XR while you are pregnant.</li>\n<li>If you take QUDEXY XR during pregnancy, your baby may be smaller than expected at birth. The long-term effects of this are not known. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have any questions about this risk during pregnancy.</li>\n<li>Metabolic acidosis may have harmful effects on your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if QUDEXY XR has caused metabolic acidosis during your pregnancy.</li>\n<li>Pregnancy Registry: If you become pregnant while taking QUDEXY XR, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of QUDEXY XR and other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>QUDEXY XR may decrease the density of bones when used over a long period. \n <br/> QUDEXY XR may slow height increase and weight gain in children and adolescents when used over a long period.\n </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What is QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<p>QUDEXY XR is a prescription medicine used:</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures) in adults and children 2 years of age and older,</li>\n<li>with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in adults and children 2 years of age and older,</li>\n<li>to prevent migraine headaches in adults and adolescents 12 years of age and older.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Before taking QUDEXY XR, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>have or have had depression, mood problems or suicidal thoughts or behavior</li>\n<li>have kidney problems, kidney stones or are getting kidney dialysis</li>\n<li>have a history of metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood)</li>\n<li>have liver problems</li>\n<li>have weak, brittle or soft bones (osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or decreased bone density)</li>\n<li>have lung or breathing problems</li>\n<li>have eye problems, especially glaucoma</li>\n<li>have diarrhea</li>\n<li>have a growth problem</li>\n<li>are on a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, which is called a ketogenic diet</li>\n<li>are having surgery</li>\n<li>are pregnant or plan to become pregnant</li>\n<li>are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. QUDEXY XR passes into breast milk. Breastfed babies may be sleepy or have diarrhea. It is not known if the QUDEXY XR that passes into breast milk can cause other serious harm to your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take QUDEXY XR.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. QUDEXY XR and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects.</p>\n<p>Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take:</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Valproic acid (such as DEPAKENE\n \n <span class=\"Sup\">®</span>or DEPAKOTE\n \n <span class=\"Sup\">®</span>)\n \n </li>\n<li>any medicines that impair or decrease your thinking, concentration, or muscle coordination</li>\n<li>birth control that contains hormones (such as pills, implants, patches or injections). QUDEXY XR may make your birth control less effective. Tell your healthcare provider if your menstrual bleeding changes while you are using birth control and QUDEXY XR.</li>\n</ul>\n<p>Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.</p>\n<p>Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I take QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Take QUDEXY XR exactly as your healthcare provider tells you to.</li>\n<li>Your healthcare provider may change your dose.\n \n <span class=\"Bold\">Do not</span>change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider.\n \n </li>\n<li>QUDEXY XR capsules may be swallowed whole or, if you cannot swallow the capsule whole, you may carefully open the QUDEXY XR capsule and sprinkle the medicine on a spoonful of soft food like applesauce.\n \n <ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>Swallow the food and medicine mixture right away.\n \n <span class=\"Bold\">Do not</span>store the food and medicine mixture to use later.\n \n </li>\n<li>Do not crush or chew QUDEXY XR before swallowing.</li>\n</ul>\n</li>\n<li>Drink plenty fluids during the day. This may help prevent kidney stones while taking QUDEXY XR.</li>\n<li>If you take too much QUDEXY XR, call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest emergency room.</li>\n<li>QUDEXY XR can be taken before, during, or after a meal.</li>\n<li>If you miss a single dose of QUDEXY XR, take it as soon as you can. If you have missed more than one dose, you should call your healthcare provider for advice.</li>\n<li>Do not stop taking QUDEXY XR without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping QUDEXY XR suddenly may cause serious problems. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking QUDEXY XR suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to stop taking QUDEXY XR slowly.</li>\n<li>Your healthcare provider may do blood tests while you take QUDEXY XR.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What should I avoid while taking QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>You should not drink alcohol while taking QUDEXY XR. QUDEXY XR and alcohol can affect each other causing side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness.</li>\n<li>Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how QUDEXY XR affects you. QUDEXY XR can slow your thinking and motor skills and may affect vision.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the possible side effects of QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">QUDEXY XR may cause serious side effects, including:</span>\n</p>\n<p>See \"\n \n <a href=\"#info\">What is the most important information I should know about QUDEXY XR?</a>\"\n \n </p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">High blood ammonia levels.</span>High ammonia in the blood can affect your mental activities, slow your alertness, make you feel tired, or cause vomiting. This has happened when QUDEXY XR is taken with a medicine called valproic acid (DEPAKENE\n \n <span class=\"Sup\">®</span>and DEPAKOTE\n \n <span class=\"Sup\">®</span>).\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Kidney stones.</span>Drink plenty of fluids when taking QUDEXY XR to decrease your chances of getting kidney stones.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Low body temperature.</span>Taking QUDEXY XR when you are also taking valproic acid can cause a drop-in body temperature to less than 95°F, or can cause tiredness, confusion, or coma.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Effects on thinking and alertness.</span>QUDEXY XR may affect how you think, and cause confusion, problems with concentration, attention, memory, or speech. QUDEXY XR may cause depression or mood problems, tiredness, and sleepiness.\n \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Dizziness or loss of muscle coordination.</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Serious skin reactions</span>. QUDEXY XR may cause a severe rash with blisters and peeling skin, especially around the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). QUDEXY XR may also cause a rash with blisters and peeling skin over much of the body that may cause death (toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop a skin rash or blisters.\n \n </li>\n</ul>\n<p>Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms above.</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">The most common side effects of QUDEXY XR include:</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule\">\n<ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>tingling of the arms and legs (paresthesia)</li>\n<li>not feeling hungry</li>\n<li>weight loss</li>\n<li>nervousness</li>\n<li>nausea</li>\n</ul>\n</td><td align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\">\n<ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>speech problems</li>\n<li>tiredness</li>\n<li>dizziness</li>\n<li>sleepiness/drowsiness</li>\n<li>a change in the way foods taste</li>\n<li>upper respiratory tract infection</li>\n<li>decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin</li>\n</ul>\n</td><td align=\"left\" class=\"Rrule\">\n<ul class=\"Circle\">\n<li>slow reactions</li>\n<li>difficulty with memory</li>\n<li>fever</li>\n<li>abnormal vision</li>\n<li>diarrhea</li>\n<li>pain in the abdomen</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.</p>\n<p>These are not all the possible side effects of QUDEXY XR. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.</p>\n<p>Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.</p>\n<p>You may also report side effects to Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC at 1-855-899-9180.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I store QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Store QUDEXY XR capsules at room temperature between 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C).</li>\n<li>Keep QUDEXY XR in a tightly closed container.</li>\n<li>Keep QUDEXY XR dry and away from moisture.</li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Keep QUDEXY XR and all medicines out of the reach of children.</span>\n</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">General information about the safe and effective use of QUDEXY XR.</span>\n</p>\n<p>Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use QUDEXY XR for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give QUDEXY XR to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about QUDEXY XR that is written for health professionals.</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Last\">\n<td align=\"left\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" colspan=\"4\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the ingredients in QUDEXY XR?</span>\n</p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Active ingredient:</span>topiramate\n \n </p>\n<p>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Inactive ingredients:</span>microcrystalline cellulose, hypromellose 2910, ethylcellulose, diethyl phthalate, titanium dioxide, black iron oxide, red iron oxide and/or yellow iron oxide, black pharmaceutical ink, and white pharmaceutical ink (200 mg only).\n \n </p>\n<p>Distributed by:\n \n <span class=\"Bold\">UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, LLC</span>, Maple Grove, MN 55369 \n <br/> Qudexy is a registered trademark of Upsher-Smith Laboratories, LLC. All other marks are property of their respective owners. \n <br/> This product may be covered by one or more U.S. patent(s). See www.uslpatents.com. \n <br/> For more information, go to www.upsher-smith.com or call UPSHER-SMITH LABORATORIES, LLC at 1-888-650-3789.\n \n </p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table></div>" }

NDC 0245-1071-30 Once-Daily Dosing

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Qudexy ®XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Qudexy\n \n ®XR \n (topiramate) extended-release capsules\n\n " }

PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PHARMACIST: Dispense the \n Medication Guide provided \n separately to each patient.\n " }

25 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "25 mg" }

30 Capsules Rx only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "30 Capsules \n Rx only\n " }

NDC 0245-1072-30

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC 0245-1072-30" }

Once-Daily Dosing

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Once-Daily Dosing" }

Qudexy ®XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Qudexy\n \n ®XR \n (topiramate) extended-release capsules\n\n " }

50 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "50 mg" }

PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide \n provided separately to each patient.\n " }

30 Capsules Rx only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "30 Capsules \n Rx only\n " }

NDC 0245-1074-30

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC 0245-1074-30" }

Once-Daily Dosing

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Once-Daily Dosing" }

Qudexy ®XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Qudexy\n \n ®XR \n (topiramate) extended-release capsules\n\n " }

100 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "100 mg" }

PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication \n Guide provided separately to each patient.\n " }

30 Capsules Rx only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "30 Capsules \n Rx only\n " }

NDC 0245-1075-30

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC 0245-1075-30" }

Once-Daily Dosing

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Qudexy ®XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules

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150 mg

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PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient.

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30 Capsules Rx only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "30 Capsules \n Rx only\n " }

NDC 0245-1073-30

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC 0245-1073-30" }

Once-Daily Dosing

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Qudexy ®XR (topiramate) extended-release capsules

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200 mg

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PHARMACIST: Dispense the Medication Guide provided separately to each patient.

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30 Capsules Rx only

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Topiramate tablets are indicated as initial monotherapy for the treatment of partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older.

Topiramate tablets are indicated as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in patients 2 years of age and older.

Topiramate tablets

are indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in patients 12 years of age and older.

Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older

The recommended dose for topiramate monotherapy in adults and pediatric patients 10 years of age and older is 400 mg/day in two divided doses. The dose should be achieved by titration according to the following schedule (Table 1):

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="582.54"> <col width="33.3333333333333%"/> <col width="33.7899543378995%"/> <col width="32.8767123287671%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Table 1:  Monotherapy Titration Schedule for Adults and Pediatric Patients 10 years and older</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">Morning Dose</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">Evening Dose</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Week 1</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">25 mg</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">25 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Week 2</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">50 mg</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">50 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Week 3</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">75 mg</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">75 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Week 4</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">100 mg</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">100 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Week 5</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">150 mg</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">150 mg</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Week 6</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">200 mg</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">200 mg</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Pediatric Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age

Dosing in patients 2 to 9 years of age is based on weight. During the titration period, the initial dose of topiramate is 25 mg/day nightly for the first week. Based upon tolerability, the dosage can be increased to 50 mg/day (25 mg twice daily) in the second week. Dosage can be increased by 25 to 50 mg/day each subsequent week as tolerated. Titration to the minimum maintenance dose should be attempted over 5 to 7 weeks of the total titration period. Based upon tolerability and clinical response, additional titration to a higher dose (up to the maximum maintenance dose) can be attempted at 25 to 50 mg/day weekly increments. The total daily dose should not exceed the maximum maintenance dose for each range of body weight (Table 2).

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="829.92"> <col width="33.0128205128205%"/> <col width="34.1346153846154%"/> <col width="32.8525641025641%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Table 2: Monotherapy Target Total Daily Maintenance Dosing for Patients 2 to 9 Years of Age</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Weight (kg)</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">Total Daily Dose (mg/day)* <br/> Minimum Maintenance Dose </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">Total Daily Dose (mg/day)* <br/> Maximum Maintenance Dose </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Up to 11</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">150</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">250</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">12 to 22</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">200</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">300</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">23 to 31</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">200</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">350</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">32 to 38</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">250</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">350</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Greater than 38</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">250</td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top">400</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top">* Administered in two equally divided doses</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Adults (17 Years of Age and Older) The recommended total daily dose of topiramate as adjunctive therapy in adults with partial onset seizures or Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 200 to 400 mg/day in two divided doses, and 400 mg/day in two divided doses as adjunctive treatment in adults with primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Topiramate should be initiated at 25 to 50 mg/day, followed by titration to an effective dose in increments of 25 to 50 mg/day every week. Titrating in increments of 25 mg/day every week may delay the time to reach an effective dose. Doses above 400 mg/day have not been shown to improve responses in adults with partial-onset seizures. Pediatric Patients 2 to 16 Years of Age The recommended total daily dose of topiramate tablets as adjunctive therapy for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is approximately 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in two divided doses.  Titration  should  begin  at  25 mg/day  (or  less,  based  on  a  range  of  1 to 3 mg/kg/day) nightly for the first week. The dosage should then be increased at 1- or 2-week intervals by increments of 1 to 3 mg/kg/day (administered in two divided doses), to achieve optimal clinical response. Dose titration should be guided by clinical outcome. The total daily dose should not exceed 400 mg/day.

The recommended total daily dose of topiramate as treatment for patients 12 years of age and older for the preventive treatment of migraine is 100 mg/day administered in two divided doses (Table 3). The recommended titration rate for topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine is as follows:

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="590.52"> <col width="32.8828828828829%"/> <col width="33.3333333333333%"/> <col width="33.7837837837838%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Table 3: Preventive Treatment of Migraine Titration Schedule for Patients 12 Years of Age and Older</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> Morning Dose </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> Evening Dose </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> Week 1 </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> None </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 25 mg </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> Week 2 </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 25 mg </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 25 mg </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> Week 3 </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 25 mg </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 50 mg </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> Week 4 </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 50 mg </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> 50 mg </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Dose and titration rate should be guided by clinical outcome.  If required, longer intervals between dose adjustments can be used.

Topiramate tablets can be taken without regard to meals. Because of the bitter taste, tablets should not be broken.

In patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 70 mL/min/1.73 m 2), one-half of the usual adult dose of topiramate is recommended [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5, 8.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

To avoid rapid drops in topiramate plasma concentration during hemodialysis, a supplemental dose of topiramate may be required. The actual adjustment should take into account 1) the duration of dialysis period, 2) the clearance rate of the dialysis system being used, and 3) the effective renal clearance of topiramate in the patient being dialyzed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Topiramate tablets, USP are available as debossed, film-coated, circular tablets in the following strengths and colors: 25 mg white (coded “S” on one side; “707” on the other)

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None.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "None." }

A   s y nd rome   consisting of acute myopia associated with secondary angle closure glaucoma has been reported in patients receiving topiramate. Symptoms include acute onset of decreased visual acuity and/or ocular pain. Ophthalmologic findings can include some or all of the following: myopia, mydriasis, anterior chamber shallowing, ocular hyperemia (redness), choroidal detachments, retinal pigment epithelial detachments, macular striae, and increased intraocular pressure. This syndrome may be associated with supraciliary effusion resulting in anterior displacement of the lens and iris, with secondary angle closure glaucoma. Symptoms typically occur within 1 month of initiating topiramate therapy. In contrast to primary narrow angle glaucoma, which is rare under 40 years of age, secondary angle closure glaucoma associated with topiramate has been reported in pediatric patients as well as adults. The primary treatment to reverse symptoms is discontinuation of topiramate as rapidly as possible, according to the judgment of the treating physician. Other measures, in conjunction with discontinuation of topiramate, may be helpful. Elevated intraocular pressure of any etiology, if left untreated, can lead to serious sequelae including permanent vision loss.

Visual field defects (independent of elevated intraocular pressure) have been reported in clinical trials and in postmarketing experience in patients receiving topiramate. In clinical trials, most of these events were reversible after topiramate discontinuation. If visual problems occur at any time during topiramate treatment, consideration should be given to discontinuing the drug. 

Oligohidrosis (decreased sweating), infrequently resulting in hospitalization, has been reported in association with topiramate use. Decreased sweating and an elevation in body temperature above normal characterized these cases. Some of the cases were reported after exposure to elevated environmental temperatures.

The majority of the reports have been in pediatric patients. Patients (especially pediatric patients) treated with topiramate should be monitored closely for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Caution should be used when topiramate is given with other drugs that predispose patients to heat-related disorders; these drugs include, but are not limited to, other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and drugs with anticholinergic activity.

Topiramate can cause hyperchloremic, non-anion gap, metabolic acidosis (i.e., decreased serum bicarbonate below the normal reference range in the absence of chronic respiratory alkalosis). This metabolic acidosis is caused by renal bicarbonate loss due to carbonic anhydrase inhibition by topiramate. Topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis can occur at any time during treatment.  Bicarbonate  decrements  are  usually  mild-moderate  (average  decrease  of 4 mEq/L at daily doses of 400 mg in adults and at approximately 6 mg/kg/day in pediatric patients);  rarely,  patients  can  experience  severe  decrements  to  values  below  10 mEq/L. Conditions or therapies that predispose patients to acidosis (such as renal disease, severe respiratory disorders, status epilepticus, diarrhea, ketogenic diet, or specific drugs) may be additive to the bicarbonate lowering effects of topiramate. Metabolic acidosis was commonly observed in adult and pediatric patients treated with topiramate in clinical trials. The incidence of decreased serum bicarbonate in pediatric trials, for adjunctive treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or refractory partial-onset seizures was as high as 67% for topiramate (at approximately 6 mg/kg/day), and 10% for placebo. The incidence of a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and >5 mEq/L decrease from pretreatment) in these trials was up to 11%, compared to < 2% for placebo.

Manifestations of acute or chronic metabolic acidosis may include hyperventilation, nonspecific symptoms such as fatigue and anorexia, or more severe sequelae including cardiac arrhythmias or stupor. Chronic, untreated metabolic acidosis may increase the risk for nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis, and may also result in osteomalacia (referred to as rickets in pediatric patients) and/or osteoporosis with an increased risk for fractures [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9, 5.13)]. A one-year, active-controlled study of pediatric patients treated with topiramate demonstrated that topiramate decreased lumbar spine bone mineral density and that this lumbar spine bone mineral density decrease was correlated (using change from baseline for lumbar spine Z score at final visit versus lowest post-treatment serum bicarbonate) with decreased serum bicarbonate, a reflection of metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9), Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Chronic metabolic acidosis in pediatric patients may also reduce growth rates, which may decrease the maximal height achieved. Long-term, open-label treatment of pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old with intractable partial epilepsy, for up to 1 year, showed reductions from baseline in length, weight, and head circumference compared to age and sex-matched normative data, although these patients with epilepsy are likely to have different growth rates than normal 1 to 24 month old pediatrics. Reductions in length and weight were correlated to the degree of acidosis [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate treatment that causes metabolic acidosis during pregnancy can possibly produce adverse effects on the fetus and might also cause metabolic acidosis in the neonate from possible transfer of topiramate to the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Measurement of Serum Bicarbonate in Epilepsy and Migraine Patients Measurement of baseline and periodic serum bicarbonate during topiramate treatment is recommended. If metabolic acidosis develops and persists, consideration should be given to reducing the dose or discontinuing topiramate (using dose tapering). If the decision is made to continue patients on topiramate in the face of persistent acidosis, alkali treatment should be considered.

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including topiramate, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled  clinical  trials  (mono-  and  adjunctive  therapy)  of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks,   the   estimated   incidence   rate   of   suicidal   behavior   or   ideation   among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed.

Table  4 shows absolute and relative risk by  indication for all evaluated AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <caption> <span>Table 4: Risk by Indication for Antiepileptic Drugs in the Pooled Analysis</span> </caption> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Indication </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="middle">  Placebo Patients <br/> with Events per <br/> 1,000 Patients </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="middle">  Drug Patients <br/> with Events <br/> per 1,000 Patients </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">  Relative Risk: <br/> Incidence of Events <br/> in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">  Risk Difference: <br/> Additional Drug Patients with Events per 1,000 Patients </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> Epilepsy</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 1</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 3.4</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 3.5</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 2.4</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> Psychiatric</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 5.7</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 8.5</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 1.5</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 2.9</td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> Other</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 1</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 1.8</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">1.9 </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 0.9</td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> Total</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 2.4</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 4.3</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">1.8</td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"> 1.9</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing topiramate or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, the prescriber needs to consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Topiramate can cause cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions. The most frequent of these can be classified into three general categories: 1) Cognitive-related dysfunction (e.g., confusion, psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, difficulty with memory, speech or language problems, particularly word-finding difficulties); 2) Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression or mood problems); and 3) Somnolence or fatigue. Adult Patients Cognitive-Related Dysfunction Rapid titration rate and higher initial dose were associated with higher incidences of cognitive- related dysfunction. In adult epilepsy adjunctive controlled trials, which used rapid titration (100 to 200 mg/day weekly increments), and target topiramate doses of 200 mg to 1000 mg/day, 56% of patients in the 800 mg/day and 1000 mg/day dose groups experienced cognitive-related dysfunction compared to approximately 42% of patients in the 200 to 400 mg/day groups and 14% for placebo. In this rapid titration regimen, these dose-related adverse reactions began in the titration or in the maintenance phase, and in some patients these events began during titration and persisted into the maintenance phase. In the monotherapy epilepsy controlled trial, the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg/day and 26% for 400 mg/day. In the 6-month controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, which used a slower titration regimen (25 mg/day weekly increments), the proportion of patients who experienced one or more cognitive-related adverse reactions was 19% for topiramate 50 mg/day, 22% for 100 mg/day (the recommended dose), 28% for 200 mg/day, and 10% for placebo. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during titration and sometimes persisted after completion of titration. Psychiatric/Behavioral Disturbances Psychiatric/behavioral disturbances (e.g., depression, mood) were dose-related for both the adjunctive epilepsy and migraine populations [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Somnolence/Fatigue Somnolence and fatigue were the adverse reactions most frequently reported during clinical trials of topiramate for adjunctive epilepsy. For the adjunctive epilepsy population, the incidence of fatigue, appeared dose related. For the monotherapy epilepsy population, the incidence of somnolence was dose-related. For the migraine population, the incidences of both fatigue and somnolence were dose-related and more common in the titration phase. Pediatric Patients In pediatric epilepsy trials (adjunctive and monotherapy), the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was generally lower than that observed in adults. These reactions included psychomotor slowing, difficulty with concentration/attention, speech disorders/related speech problems, and language problems. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients during adjunctive therapy double-blind studies were somnolence and fatigue. The most frequently reported cognitive/neuropsychiatric reactions in pediatric epilepsy patients  in  the  50 mg/day  and 400 mg/day groups during the monotherapy double-blind study were headache, dizziness, anorexia, and somnolence. In pediatric migraine patients, the incidence of cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was increased in topiramate-treated patients compared to placebo. The risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was dose-dependent, and was greatest at the highest dose (200 mg). This risk for cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reactions was also greater in younger patients (6 to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 to 17 years of age). The most common cognitive/neuropsychiatric adverse reaction in these trials was difficulty with concentration/attention. Cognitive adverse reactions most commonly developed during titration and sometimes persisted for various durations after completion of titration. The Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered to adolescents (12 to 17 years) to assess the effects of topiramate on cognitive function at baseline and at the end of the Study 13 [see Clinical Studies (14.3)]. Mean change from baseline in certain CANTAB tests suggests that topiramate treatment may result in psychomotor slowing and decreased verbal fluency.

Topiramate can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in utero have an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and  of being small for gestational age (SGA). When multiple species of pregnant animals received topiramate at clinically relevant doses, structural malformations, including craniofacial defects, and reduced fetal weights occurred in offspring [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

Consider the benefits and the risks of topiramate when administering this drug in women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Patient Counseling Information (17)]. Topiramate should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the potential risk. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential hazard to a fetus [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

In patients with or without a history of seizures or epilepsy, antiepileptic drugs, including topiramate, should be gradually withdrawn to minimize the potential for seizures or increased seizure frequency [see Clinical Studies (14)]. In situations where rapid withdrawal of topiramate is medically required, appropriate monitoring is recommended.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study in pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of topiramate monotherapy on bone mineral acquisition via statistically significant decreases in bone mineral density (BMD) measured in lumbar spine and in total body less head [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Twenty-one percent of topiramate treated patients experienced clinically important reductions in BMD (Z score change from baseline of –0.5 or greater) compared to 0 patients in the control group. Although decreases in BMD occurred across all pediatric age subgroups, patients 6 to 9 years of age were most commonly affected. The sample size and study duration were too small to determine if fracture risk is increased. Decreased BMD in the lumbar spine was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, which commonly occurs with topiramate treatment and reflects metabolic acidosis, a known cause of increased bone resorption [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Although small decreases in some markers of bone metabolism (e.g., serum alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphorus, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) occurred in topiramate-treated patients, more significant decreases in serum parathyroid hormone and 25-hydroxyvitamin D, hormones involved in bone metabolism, were observed, along with an increased excretion of urinary calcium.

Results of a one-year active-controlled study of pediatric patients (N=63) demonstrated negative effects of topiramate monotherapy on growth (i.e., height and weight) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Although continued growth was observed in both treatment groups, the topiramate group showed statistically significant reductions in mean annual change from baseline in body weight compared to the control group. A similar trend of attenuation in height velocity and height change from baseline was also observed in the topiramate group compared to the control group. Negative effects on weight and height were seen across all topiramate age subgroups. Growth (height and weight) of children receiving prolonged topiramate therapy should be carefully monitored.

Serious skin reactions (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome [SJS] and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis [TEN]) have been reported in patients receiving topiramate. Topiramate should be discontinued at the first sign of a rash, unless the rash is clearly not drug-related. If signs or symptoms suggest SJS/TEN, use of this drug should not be resumed and alternative therapy should be considered. Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions.

Topiramate treatment can cause hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)]. The risk for hyperammonemia with topiramate appears dose-related. Hyperammonemia has been reported more frequently when topiramate is used concomitantly with valproic acid. Postmarketing cases of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy have been reported with topiramate and valproic acid in patients who previously tolerated either drug alone [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic encephalopathy often include acute alterations in level of consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. In most cases, hyperammonemic encephalopathy abated with discontinuation of treatment. The incidence of hyperammonemia in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age in the preventive treatment  of  migraine trials was 26% in patients taking topiramate  monotherapy at 100 mg/day, and 14% in patients taking topiramate at 50 mg/day, compared to 9% in patients taking placebo. There was also an increased incidence of markedly increased hyperammonemia at the 100 mg dose. Dose-related hyperammonemia was also seen in pediatric patients 1 to 24 months of age treated with topiramate and concomitant valproic acid for partial-onset epilepsy and this was not due to a pharmacokinetic interaction. In some patients, hyperammonemia can be asymptomatic. Monitoring for Hyperammonemia Patients with inborn errors of metabolism or reduced hepatic mitochondrial activity may be at an increased risk for hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although not studied, topiramate treatment or an interaction of concomitant topiramate and valproic acid treatment may exacerbate existing defects or unmask deficiencies in susceptible persons. In patients who develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting or changes in mental status associated with any topiramate treatment, hyperammonemic encephalopathy should be considered and an ammonia level should be measured.

Topiramate increases the risk of kidney stones. During adjunctive epilepsy trials, the risk for kidney stones in topiramate-treated adults was 1.5%, an incidence about 2 to 4 times greater than expected in a similar, untreated population. As in the general population, the incidence of stone formation among topiramate-treated patients was higher in men. Kidney stones have also been reported in pediatric patients taking topiramate for epilepsy or migraine. During long-term (up to 1 year)  topiramate  treatment  in  an  open-label  extension  study  of 284 pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old with epilepsy, 7% developed kidney or bladder stones. Topiramate is not approved for treatment of epilepsy in pediatric patients less than 2 years old [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

Topiramate is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can promote stone formation by reducing urinary citrate excretion and by increasing urinary pH [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. The concomitant use of topiramate with any other drug producing metabolic acidosis, or potentially in patients on a ketogenic diet, may create a physiological environment that increases the risk of kidney stone formation, and should therefore be avoided.

Increased fluid intake increases the urinary output, lowering the concentration of substances involved in stone formation. Hydration is recommended to reduce new stone formation. An increase in urinary calcium and a marked decrease in urinary citrate was observed in topiramate-treated pediatric patients in a one-year active-controlled study [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].This increased ratio of urinary calcium/citrate increases the risk of kidney stones and/or nephrocalcinosis.

Hypothermia, defined as a drop in body core temperature to <35°C (95°F), has been reported in association  with  topiramate  use  with  concomitant  valproic  acid  both  in  conjunction  with hyperammonemia and in the absence of hyperammonemia. This adverse reaction in patients using concomitant topiramate and valproate can occur after starting topiramate treatment or after increasing the daily dose of topiramate [see Drug Interactions (7.1)]. Consideration should be given to stopping topiramate or valproate in patients who develop hypothermia, which may be manifested  by  a  variety  of  clinical  abnormalities  including  lethargy,  confusion,  coma,  and significant alterations in other major organ systems such as the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Clinical management and assessment should include examination of blood ammonia levels.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, the incidence of adverse reactions observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to the incidence of adverse reactions in the clinical trials of another drug, and may not reflect the incidence of adverse reactions observed in practice.

Monotherapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial (Study 1) that occurred in adults in the 400 mg/day topiramate group  and  at  an  incidence  higher  (≥  10  %)  than  in  the 50 mg/day group were: paresthesia, weight loss and anorexia (see Table 5).

Approximately 21% of the 159 adult patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in Study 1 discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥ 2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg/day topiramate) adverse reactions causing discontinuation were difficulty with memory, fatigue, asthenia, insomnia, somnolence, and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 6 to 15 Years of Age

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial (Study 1) that occurred in pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day topiramate group and at an incidence higher (≥10%) than in the 50 mg/day group were fever and weight loss (see Table 5).

Approximately 14% of the 77 pediatric patients in the 400 mg/day group who received topiramate as monotherapy in the controlled clinical trial discontinued therapy due to adverse reactions. The most common (≥2% more frequent than low-dose 50 mg/day topiramate) adverse reactions resulting in discontinuation were difficulty with concentration/attention, fever, flushing, and confusion.

Table 5 presents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of adult and pediatric patients treated with 400 mg/day topiramate and occurring with greater incidence than 50 mg/day topiramate.

Table 5: Adverse Reactions in the High Dose Group As Compared to the Low Dose Group, in Monotherapy Epilepsy Trial (Study 1) in Adult and Pediatric Patients

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="652.365"> <col width="44.954128440367%"/> <col width="13.7614678899083%"/> <col width="13.7614678899083%"/> <col width="13.7614678899083%"/> <col width="13.7614678899083%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="5"><span class="Bold">Body System</span> <br/> Adverse Reaction <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Age Group</span> <br/> </th> </tr> <tr> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2">Pediatric <br/> (6 to 15 Years) <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2">Adult <br/> (Age ≥16 Years) <br/> </th> </tr> <tr> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="4"><span class="Bold">Topiramate Daily Dosage Group (mg/day)</span> <br/> </th> </tr> <tr> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"><span class="Bold">50</span> <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"><span class="Bold">400</span> <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"><span class="Bold">50</span> <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"><span class="Bold">400</span> <br/> </th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">(N=74) % <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">(N=77) % <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">(N=160) % <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">(N=159) % <br/> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole - General Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Asthenia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Fever <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">12 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Leg pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Paresthesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">12 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">21 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">40 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dizziness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">14 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Ataxia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Hypoesthesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Hypertonia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Involuntary muscle contractions <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Vertigo <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Constipation <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Diarrhea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Gastritis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dry mouth <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Liver and Biliary System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Increase in Gamma-GT <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Weight loss <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">17 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">17 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Platelet, Bleeding &amp; Clotting Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Epistaxis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anorexia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">14 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anxiety <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Cognitive problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Confusion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Depression <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with concentration or attention <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with memory <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Insomnia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Decrease in libido <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Mood problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Personality disorder (behavior problems) <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Psychomotor slowing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Somnolence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Red Blood Cell Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anemia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top">Reproductive Disorders, Female <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Intermenstrual bleeding <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Vaginal hemorrhage <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Infection <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Viral infection <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Bronchitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Upper respiratory tract infection</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">16 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">18 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Rhinitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Sinusitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Alopecia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Pruritus <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Rash <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Acne <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Special Senses Other, Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Taste perversion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Cystitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Micturition frequency <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Renal calculus <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Urinary incontinence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="5" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Vascular (Extracardiac) Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Flushing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Adjunctive Therapy Epilepsy

Adults 16 Years of Age and Older

In pooled controlled clinical trials in adults with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic- clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 183 patients received adjunctive therapy with topiramate at dosages of 200 to 400 mg/day (recommended dosage range) and 291 patients received placebo. Patients in these trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in adult patients in the 200 to 400 mg/day topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10 %) than in the placebo group were: dizziness, speech disorders/related speech problems, somnolence, nervousness, psychomotor slowing, and vision abnormal (Table 6).

Table 6 presents the incidence of adverse reactions occurring in at least 3% of adult patients treated with 200 to 400 mg/day topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, paresthesia, language problems, psychomotor slowing, depression, difficulty with concentration/attention, mood problems) was dose-related and much greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (i.e., 600 mg to 1000 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (200 mg to 400 mg daily) range.

Table 6: Most Common Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Adults a

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="601.7585"> <col width="42.9660735992927%"/> <col width="20.886285777434%"/> <col width="36.1476406232733%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"><span class="Bold">Body System</span> <br/> Adverse Reaction <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">Placebo (N=291) <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">Topiramate Dosage (mg/day) 200 to 400 (N=183) <br/> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Fatigue <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Asthenia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Back pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Chest pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Influenza-like symptoms <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dizziness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">25 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Ataxia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">16 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Speech disorders/Related speech problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Paresthesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nystagmus <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Tremor <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Language problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Coordination abnormal <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Gait abnormal <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nausea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dyspepsia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Abdominal pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Constipation <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Weight loss <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Somnolence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">12 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">29 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nervousness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">16 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Psychomotor slowing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with memory <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">12 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Confusion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anorexia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with concentration/attention <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Mood problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Agitation <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Aggressive reaction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Emotional lability <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Cognitive problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Breast pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Rhinitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Pharyngitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Sinusitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Vision abnormal <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Diplopia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Sup">a</span>Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo. <br/> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In controlled clinical trials in adults, 11% of patients receiving topiramate 200 to 400 mg/day as adjunctive therapy discontinued due to adverse reactions. This rate appeared to increase at dosages above 400 mg/day. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing topiramate included somnolence, dizziness, anxiety, difficulty with concentration or attention, fatigue and paresthesia.

Pediatric Patients 2 to 15 Years of Age

In pooled, controlled clinical trials in pediatric patients (2 to 15 years of age) with partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 98 patients received adjunctive therapy with topiramate at dosages of 5 to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) and 101 patients received placebo.

The most common adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial that occurred in pediatric patients in the 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day topiramate group with an incidence higher (≥ 10 %) than in the placebo group were: fatigue and somnolence (Table 7).

Table 7 presents the incidence of adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of pediatric patients 2 to 15 years of age receiving 5 mg to 9 mg/kg/day (recommended dose range) of topiramate and was greater than placebo incidence.

Table 7: Adverse Reactions in Pooled Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials in Pediatric Patients 2 to 15 Years of Age a,b

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="557.802"> <col width="46.3519313304721%"/> <col width="25.584167858846%"/> <col width="28.0639008106819%"/> <thead> <tr class="First Last"> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"><span class="Bold">Body System/</span> <br/> Adverse Reaction <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">Placebo (N=101) % <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">Topiramate (N=98) % <br/> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole - General Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Fatigue <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">16 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Injury <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">14 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Gait abnormal <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Ataxia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Hyperkinesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dizziness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Speech disorders/Related speech problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nausea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Saliva increased <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Constipation <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Gastroenteritis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Weight loss <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Platelet, Bleeding, &amp; Clotting Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Purpura <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Epistaxis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Somnolence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">16 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">26 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anorexia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">24 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nervousness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">14 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Personality disorder (behavior problems) <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with concentration/attention <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Aggressive reaction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Insomnia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with memory <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Confusion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Psychomotor slowing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Infection viral <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Pneumonia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Skin disorder <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Urinary incontinence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"><span class="Sup">a</span>Patients in these adjunctive trials were receiving 1 to 2 concomitant antiepileptic drugs in addition to topiramate or placebo. <br/> <span class="Sup">b</span>Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category. <br/> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

None of the pediatric patients who received topiramate adjunctive therapy at 5 to 9 mg/kg/day in controlled clinical trials discontinued due to adverse reactions.

Migraine

Adults

In the four multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group migraine clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine (which included 35 pediatric patients 12 to 15 years of age), most adverse reactions occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period.

The most common adverse reactions with topiramate 100 mg in the clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine of predominantly adults that were seen at an incidence higher (≥ 5 %) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, anorexia, weight loss, taste perversion, diarrhea, difficulty with memory, hypoesthesia, and nausea (see Table 8).

Table 8 includes those adverse reactions that occurred in the placebo-controlled trials where the incidence in any topiramate treatment group was at least 3% and was greater than that for placebo patients. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., fatigue, dizziness, somnolence, difficulty with memory, difficulty with concentration/attention) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (100 mg daily).

Table 8: Adverse Reactions in Pooled, Placebo-Controlled, Migraine Trials in Adults a,b

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636.804"> <col width="38.7218045112782%"/> <col width="23.4962406015038%"/> <col width="17.8049289891395%"/> <col width="19.9770258980785%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2"><span class="Bold">Body System</span>/ Adverse Reaction <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2">Placebo (N=445)% <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="2">Topiramate Dosage (mg/day) <br/> </th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">50 (N=235) % <br/> </th><th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule">100 (N=386) % <br/> </th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Fatigue <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">14 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Injury <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Paresthesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">35 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">51 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dizziness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Hypoesthesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Language problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Gastro-Intestinal System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nausea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Diarrhea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Abdominal pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dyspepsia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dry mouth <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Gastroenteritis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Weight loss <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Musculoskeletal System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Arthralgia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anorexia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Somnolence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with memory <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Insomnia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Difficulty with concentration/attention <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Mood problems <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anxiety <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Depression <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nervousness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Confusion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Psychomotor slowing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Reproductive Disorders, Female</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Menstrual disorder <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top">Reproductive Disorders, Male <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Ejaculation premature <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Viral infection <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Upper respiratory tract infection <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">12 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">13 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">14 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Sinusitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Pharyngitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Coughing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Bronchitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dyspnea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">3 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Skin and Appendages Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Pruritis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Special Sense Other, Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Taste perversion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Urinary System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Urinary tract infection <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Blurred vision <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Sup">a</span>Includes 35 adolescent patients age 12 to 15 years. <br/> <span class="Sup">b</span>Values represent the percentage of patients reporting a given adverse reaction. Patients may have reported more than one adverse reaction during the study and can be included in more than one adverse reaction category. <br/> <span class="Sup">c</span>Blurred vision was the most common term considered as vision abnormal. Blurred vision was an included term that accounted for &gt;50% of reactions coded as vision abnormal, a preferred term. <br/> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Of the 1,135 patients exposed to topiramate in the adult placebo-controlled studies, 25% of topiramate-treated patients discontinued due to adverse reactions, compared to 10% of the 445 placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy in the topiramate-treated patients included paresthesia (7%), fatigue (4%), nausea (4%), difficulty with concentration/attention (3%), insomnia (3%), anorexia (2%), and dizziness (2%).

Patients treated with topiramate experienced mean percent reductions in body weight that were dose-dependent. This change was not seen in the placebo group. Mean changes of 0%, -2%, -3%, and -4% were seen for the placebo group, topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg groups, respectively.

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age

In five, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine, most adverse reactions occurred more frequently during the titration period than during the maintenance period. Among adverse reactions with onset during titration, approximately half persisted into the maintenance period.

In four, fixed-dose, double-blind clinical trials for the preventive treatment of migraine in topiramate-treated pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age, the most common adverse reactions with topiramate 100 mg that were seen at an incidence higher (≥5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain (see Table 9). Table 9 shows adverse reactions from the pediatric trial (Study 13 [see Clinical Studies (14.3)]) in which 103 pediatric patients were treated with placebo or 50 mg or 100 mg of topiramate, and three predominantly adult trials in which 49 pediatric patients (12 to 17 years of age) were treated with placebo or 50 mg, 100 mg or 200 mg of topiramate. Table 9 also shows adverse reactions in pediatric patients in the controlled migraine trials when the incidence in a topiramate dose group was at least 5 % or higher and greater than the incidence of placebo. Many adverse reactions shown in Table 9 indicate a dose-dependent relationship. The incidence of some adverse reactions (e.g., allergy, fatigue, headache, anorexia, insomnia, somnolence, and viral infection) was dose-related and greater at higher than recommended topiramate dosing (200 mg daily) compared to the incidence of these adverse reactions at the recommended dosing (100 mg daily).

Table 9: Adverse Reactions in Pooled Double-Blind Studies for the Preventive Treatment of Migraine in Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age a,b,c

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636.804"> <col width="38.7218045112782%"/> <col width="23.4962406015038%"/> <col width="19.7368421052632%"/> <col width="18.0451127819549%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Body System/</span>Adverse Reaction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" rowspan="2" valign="top">Placebo (N=45)% <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top">Topiramate Dosage <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">50 mg/day <br/> (N=46) % <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">100  mg/day (N=48) % <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Body as a Whole-General Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Fatigue <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Fever <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Central &amp; Peripheral Nervous System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Paresthesia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">20 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">19 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Dizziness <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Gastrointestinal System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Abdominal pain <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">15 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Nausea <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Weight loss <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Psychiatric Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Anorexia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">10 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Somnolence <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Insomnia <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Resistance Mechanism Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Infection viral <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">8 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Respiratory System Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Upper respiratory tract infection <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">11 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">26 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">23 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Rhinitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Sinusitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Coughing <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Special Senses Other, Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Taste perversion <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">6 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Vision Disorders</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Conjunctivitis <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top">4 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Sup">a</span>35 adolescent patients aged 12 to &lt;16 years were also included in adverse reaction assessment for adults  <br/> (Tables 11 and 12) <br/> <span class="Sup">b</span>Incidence is based on the number of subjects experiencing at least 1 adverse event, not the number of events. <br/> <span class="Sup">c</span>Included studies MIG-3006, MIGR-001, MIGR-002 and MIGR-003 <br/> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In the double-blind placebo-controlled studies, adverse reactions led to discontinuation of treatment in 8% of placebo patients compared with 6% of topiramate-treated patients. Adverse reactions associated with discontinuing therapy   that   occurred   in   more   than one topiramate-treated patient were fatigue (1%), headache (1%), and somnolence (1%).

Increased Risk for Bleeding

Topiramate is associated with an increased risk for bleeding. In a pooled analysis of placebo-controlled studies of approved and unapproved indications, bleeding was more frequently reported as an adverse reaction for topiramate than for placebo (4.5% versus 3.0% in adult patients, and 4.4% versus 2.3% in pediatric patients). In this analysis, the incidence of serious bleeding events for topiramate and placebo was 0.3% versus 0.2% for adult patients, and 0.4% versus 0% for pediatric patients.

Adverse bleeding reactions reported with topiramate ranged from mild epistaxis, ecchymosis, and increased menstrual bleeding to life-threatening hemorrhages. In patients with serious bleeding events, conditions that increased the risk for bleeding were often present, or patients were often taking drugs that cause thrombocytopenia (other antiepileptic drugs) or affect platelet function or coagulation (e.g., aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or warfarin or other anticoagulants).

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials

Other adverse reactions seen during clinical trials were: abnormal coordination, eosinophilia, gingival bleeding, hematuria, hypotension, myalgia, myopia, postural hypotension, scotoma, suicide attempt, syncope, and visual field defect.

Laboratory Test Abnormalities

Adult Patients

In addition to changes in serum bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), sodium chloride and ammonia, topiramate was associated with changes in several clinical laboratory analytes in randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.12)]. Controlled trials of adjunctive topiramate treatment of adults for partial-onset seizures showed an increased incidence of markedly decreased serum phosphorus (6% topiramate versus 2% placebo), markedly increased serum alkaline phosphatase (3% topiramate versus 1% placebo), and decreased serum potassium (0.4 % topiramate versus 0.1 % placebo).

Pediatric Patients

In pediatric patients (1 to 24 months) receiving adjunctive topiramate for partial-onset seizures, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, and total protein, The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for bicarbonate (i.e., metabolic acidosis), and potassium with topiramate (vs placebo) [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate is not indicated for partial-onset seizures in pediatric patients less than 2 years of age.

In pediatric patients (ranging from 6 to 17 years of age) receiving topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine, there was an increased incidence for an increased result (relative to normal analyte reference range) associated with topiramate (vs placebo) for the following clinical laboratory analytes: creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, platelets, and eosinophils, The incidence was also increased for a decreased result for phosphorus, bicarbonate, total white blood count, and neutrophils [see Use in Specific Populations (8.4)]. Topiramate is not indicated for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of topiramate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Body as a Whole-General Disorders:oligohydrosis and hyperthermia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)], hyperammonemia, hyperammonemic encephalopathy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)], hypothermia with concomitant valproic acid [see Warnings and Precautions (5.14)]

Gastrointestinal System Disorders:hepatic failure (including fatalities), hepatitis, pancreatitis

Skin and Appendage Disorders:bullous skin reactions (including erythema multiforme, Stevens- Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)], pemphigus

Urinary System Disorders:kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4, 5.13)]

Vision Disorders:acute myopia, secondary angle closure glaucoma [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)], maculopathy Hematological Disorders:decrease of the International Normalized Ratio (INR) or prothrombin time when given concomitantly with vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant medications such as warfarin.

Concomitant administration of phenytoin or carbamazepine with topiramate resulted in a clinically significant decrease in plasma concentrations of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone. A dosage adjustment may be needed [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant administration of valproic acid and topiramate has been associated with hypothermia and hyperammonemia with and without encephalopathy. Examine blood ammonia levels in patients in whom the onset of hypothermia has been reported [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12, 5.14), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant use of topiramate, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, with any other carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (e.g., zonisamide or acetazolamide) may increase the severity of metabolic acidosis and may also increase the risk of kidney stone formation. Therefore, patients given topiramate concomitantly  with  another  carbonic  anhydrase  inhibitor  should  be  monitored particularly  closely  for  the  appearance  or  worsening  of  metabolic  acidosis  [see  Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Concomitant administration of topiramate and alcohol or other CNS depressant drugs has not been evaluated in clinical studies. Because of the potential of topiramate to cause CNS depression, as well as other cognitive and/or neuropsychiatric adverse reactions, topiramate should be used with extreme caution if used in combination with alcohol and other CNS depressants.

The possibility of decreased contraceptive efficacy and increased breakthrough bleeding may occur in patients taking contraceptive products with topiramate. Patients taking estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives should be asked to report any change in their bleeding patterns. Contraceptive efficacy can be decreased even in the absence of breakthrough bleeding [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Topiramate Cmax and AUC increased when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The addition of HCTZ to topiramate may require a decrease in the topiramate dose [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

A decrease in the exposure of pioglitazone and its active metabolites were noted with the concurrent use of pioglitazone and topiramate in a clinical trial. The clinical relevance of these observations is unknown; however, when topiramate is added to pioglitazone therapy or pioglitazone is added to topiramate therapy, careful attention should be given to the routine monitoring of patients for adequate control of their diabetic disease state [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

An increase in systemic exposure of lithium following topiramate doses of up to 600 mg/day can occur. Lithium levels should be monitored when coadministered with high-dose topiramate [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Some patients may experience a large increase in amitriptyline concentration in the presence of topiramate and any adjustments in amitriptyline dose should be made according to the patient's clinical response and not on the basis of plasma levels [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to topiramate during pregnancy. Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. This registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. To enroll, patients can call the toll-free number 1-888-233-2334. Information about the North American Drug Pregnancy Registry can be found at http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org/ . Risk Summary

Topiramate can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Data from pregnancy registries indicate that infants exposed to topiramate in uterohave an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to  cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), and of being small for gestational age (SGA) [see Human Data]. SGA has been observed at all doses and appears to be dose-dependent. The prevalence of SGA is greater in infants of women who received higher doses of topiramate during pregnancy. In addition, the prevalence of SGA in infants of women who continued topiramate use until later in pregnancy is higher compared to the prevalence in infants of women who stopped topiramate use before the third trimester.

In multiple animal species, topiramate produced developmental toxicity, including increased incidences of fetal malformations, in the absence of maternal toxicity at clinically relevant doses [see Animal Data].

All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defects, loss, or other adverse outcomes. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies are 2 to 4% and 15 to 20%, respectively.

Clinical Considerations

Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions

Consider the benefits and risks of topiramate when prescribing this drug to women of childbearing potential, particularly when topiramate is considered for a condition not usually associated with permanent injury or death. Because of the risk of oral clefts to the fetus, which occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, all women of childbearing potential should be informed of the potential risk to the fetus from exposure to topiramate. Women who are planning a pregnancy should be counseled regarding the relative risks and benefits of topiramate use during pregnancy, and alternative therapeutic options should be considered for these patients.

Labor or Delivery

Although the effect of topiramate on labor and delivery in humans has not been established, the development of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis in the mother and/or in the fetus might affect the fetus’ ability to tolerate labor.

Topiramate treatment can cause metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].The effect of topiramate-induced metabolic acidosis has not been studied in pregnancy; however, metabolic acidosis in pregnancy (due to other causes) can cause decreased fetal growth, decreased fetal oxygenation, and fetal death, and may affect the fetus’ ability to tolerate labor. Pregnant patients should be monitored for metabolic acidosis and treated as in the nonpregnant state [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].Newborns of mothers treated with topiramate should be monitored for metabolic acidosis because of transfer of topiramate to the fetus and possible occurrence of transient metabolic acidosis following birth.

Based on limited information, topiramate has also been associated with pre-term labor and premature delivery.

Data Human Data

Data from pregnancy registries indicate an increased risk of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate during the first trimester of pregnancy. Other than oral clefts, no specific pattern of major congenital malformations or grouping of major congenital malformation types were observed. In the NAAED pregnancy registry, when topiramate-exposed infants with only oral clefts were excluded, the prevalence of major congenital malformations (4.1%) was higher than that in infants exposed to a reference AED (1.8%) or in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs (1.1%). The prevalence of oral clefts among topiramate-exposed infants  (1.4%) was higher than the prevalence  in infants exposed to a reference AED (0.3%) or the prevalence in infants with mothers without epilepsy and without exposure to AEDs(0.11%). It was also higher than the background prevalence in United States (0.17%) as estimated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The relative risk of oral clefts in topiramate-exposed pregnancies in the NAAED Pregnancy Registry was 12.5 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]5.9 to 26.37) as compared to the risk in a background population of untreated women. The UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register reported a prevalence of oral clefts among infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy (3.2%) that was 16 times higher than the background rate in the UK (0.2%).

Data from the NAAED pregnancy registry and a population-based birth registry cohort indicate that exposure to topiramate in uterois associated with an increased risk of SGA newborns (birth weight <10th percentile). In the NAAED pregnancy registry, 19.7% of topiramate-exposed newborns were SGA compared to 7.9% of newborns exposed to a reference AED and 5.4% of newborns of mothers without epilepsy and without AED exposure. In the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN), a population-based pregnancy registry, 25% of newborns in the topiramate monotherapy exposure group were SGA compared to 9 % in the comparison group unexposed to AEDs. The long-term consequences of the SGA findings are not known. Animal Data

When topiramate (0, 20, 100, or 500 mg/kg/day) was administered to pregnant mice during the period of organogenesis, incidences of fetal malformations (primarily craniofacial defects) were increased at all doses. Fetal body weights and skeletal ossification were reduced at the highest dose tested in conjunction with decreased maternal body weight gain. A no-effect dose for embryofetal developmental toxicity in mice was not identified. The lowest dose tested, which was associated with increased malformations, is less than the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg/day) or migraine (100 mg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m 2) basis.

In pregnant rats administered topiramate (0, 20, 100, and 500 mg/kg/day or 0, 0.2, 2.5, 30, and 400 mg/kg/day) orally during the period of organogenesis, the frequency of limb malformations (ectrodactyly, micromelia, and amelia) was increased in fetuses at 400 and 500 mg/kg/day. Embryotoxicity (reduced fetal body weights, increased incidences of structural variations) was observed at doses as low as 20 mg/kg/day. Clinical signs of maternal toxicity were seen at 400 mg/kg/day and above, and maternal body weight gain was reduced at doses of 100 mg/kg/day or greater. The no-effect dose (2.5 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m 2basis.

In pregnant rabbits administered topiramate (0, 20, 60, and 180 mg/kg/day or 0, 10, 35, and 120 mg/kg/day) orally during organogenesis, embryofetal mortality was increased at 35 mg/kg/day, and increased incidences of fetal malformations (primarily rib and vertebral malformations) were observed at 120 mg/kg/day. Evidence of maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs, and/or mortality) was seen at 35 mg/kg/day and above. The no-effect dose (20 mg/kg/day) for embryofetal developmental toxicity in rabbits is equivalent to the MRHD for epilepsy and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2basis.

When topiramate (0, 0.2, 4, 20, and 100 mg/kg/day or 0, 2, 20, and 200 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to female rats during the latter part of gestation and throughout lactation, offspring exhibited decreased viability and delayed physical development at 200 mg/kg/day and reductions in pre- and/or postweaning body weight gain at 2 mg/kg/day and above. Maternal toxicity (decreased body weight gain, clinical signs) was evident at 100 mg/kg/day or greater. In a rat embryofetal development study which included postnatal assessment of offspring, oral administration of topiramate (0, 0.2, 2.5, 30, and 400 mg/kg) to pregnant animals during the period of organogenesis resulted in delayed physical development in offspring at 400 mg/kg/day and persistent reductions in body weight gain in offspring at 30 mg/kg/day and higher. The no-effect dose (0.2 mg/kg/day) for pre- and postnatal developmental toxicity in rats is less than the MRHD for epilepsy or migraine on a mg/m 2basis.

Risk Summary

Topiramate is excreted in human milk [see Data].The effects of topiramate on milk production are unknown. Diarrhea and somnolence have been reported in breastfed infants whose mothers receive topiramate treatment.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for topiramate and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from topiramate or from the underlying maternal condition.

Data Human Data

Limited data from 5 women with epilepsy treated with topiramate during lactation showed drug levels in milk similar to those in maternal plasma.

Contraception

Women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy should use effective contraception because of the risk of major congenital malformations, including oral clefts, and the risk of infants being  SGA [see Drug Interactions (7.4) and Use in Specific Populations 8.1].

Adjunctive Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of topiramate as adjunctive therapy for the treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome have been established in pediatric patients 2 years of age and older [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) and Clinical Studies (14.2)].

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the adjunctive therapy treatment of partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, or seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. In a single randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigational trial, the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of topiramate oral liquid and sprinkle formulations as an adjunct to concurrent antiepileptic drug therapy in pediatric patients 1 to 24 months of age with refractory partial-onset seizures were assessed. After 20 days of double-blind treatment, topiramate (at fixed doses of 5, 15, and 25 mg/kg/day) did not demonstrate efficacy compared with placebo in controlling seizures.

In general, the adverse reaction profile for topiramate in this population was similar to that of older pediatric patients, although results from the above controlled study and an open-label, long-term extension study in these pediatric patients 1 to 24 months old suggested some adverse reactions/toxicities (not previously observed in older pediatric patients and adults; i.e., growth/length retardation, certain clinical laboratory abnormalities, and other adverse reactions/toxicities that occurred with a greater frequency and/or greater severity than had been recognized previously from studies in older pediatric patients or adults for various indications). These very young pediatric patients appeared to experience an increased risk for infections (any topiramate dose 12%, placebo 0%) and  of  respiratory   disorders   (any   topiramate dose 40%, placebo 16%). The following adverse reactions were observed in at least 3% of patients on topiramate and were 3% to 7% more frequent than in patients on placebo: viral infection, bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection, cough, and bronchospasm. A generally similar profile was observed in older pediatric patients [see Adverse Reactions (6)]. Topiramate resulted in an increased incidence of patients with increased creatinine (any topiramate dose 5%, placebo 0%), BUN (any topiramate dose 3%, placebo 0%), and protein (any topiramate dose 34%, placebo 6%), and an increased incidence of decreased potassium (any topiramate dose 7%, placebo 0%). This increased frequency of abnormal values was not dose-related. Creatinine was the only analyte showing a noteworthy increased incidence (topiramate 25 mg/kg/day 5%, placebo 0%) of a markedly abnormal increase. The significance of these findings is uncertain. Topiramate treatment also produced a dose-related increase in the percentage of patients who had a shift from normal at baseline to high/increased (above the normal reference range) in total eosinophil count at the end of treatment. The incidence of these abnormal shifts was 6 % for placebo, 10% for 5 mg/kg/day, 9% for 15 mg/kg/day, 14% for 25 mg/kg/day, and 11% for any topiramate dose. There was a mean dose-related increase in alkaline phosphatase. The significance of these findings is uncertain. Topiramate produced a dose-related increased incidence of hyperammonemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]. Treatment with topiramate for up to 1 year was associated with reductions in Z SCORES for length, weight, and head circumference [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Adverse Reactions (6)]. In open-label, uncontrolled experience, increasing impairment of adaptive behavior was documented in behavioral testing over time in this population. There was a suggestion that this effect was dose-related. However, because of the absence of an appropriate control group, it is not known if this decrement in function was treatment-related or reflects the patient’s underlying disease (e.g., patients who received higher doses may have more severe underlying disease) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. In this open-label, uncontrolled study, the mortality was 37 deaths/1000 patient years. It is not possible to know whether this mortality rate is related to topiramate treatment, because the background mortality rate for a similar, significantly refractory, young pediatric population (1 to 24 months) with partial epilepsy is not known. Monotherapy Treatment for Epilepsy

Pediatric Patients 2 Years of Age and Older

The safety and effectiveness of topiramate as monotherapy for the treatment of  partial-onset seizures or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures have been established in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Clinical Studies (14.1)].

A one-year, active-controlled, open-label study with blinded assessments of bone mineral density (BMD) and growth in pediatric patients 4 to 15 years of age, including 63 patients with recent or new onset of epilepsy, was conducted to assess effects of topiramate(N=28, 6 to 15 years of age) versus levetiracetam (N=35, 4 to 15 years of age) monotherapy on bone mineralization and on height and weight, which reflect growth. Effects on bone mineralization were evaluated via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and blood markers. Table 10 summarizes effects of topiramateat 12 months for key safety outcomes including BMD, height, height velocity, and weight. All Least Square Mean values for topiramateand the comparator were positive. Therefore, the Least Square Mean treatment differences shown reflect a topiramate -induced attenuation of the key safety outcomes. Statistically significant effects were observed for decreases in BMD (and bone mineral content) in lumbar spine and total body less head and in weight. Subgroup analyses according to age demonstrated similar negative effects for all key safety outcomes (i.e., BMD, height, weight).  

Table 10 Summary of Topiramate Treatment Difference Results at 12 Months for Key Safety Outcomes

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="605.682"> <col width="50%"/> <col width="50%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Safety Parameter</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Treatment Difference in Least Square Means</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">(95 % Confidence Interval)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in BMD Lumbar Spine (g/cm <span class="Sup">2</span>) </span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-0.036 (-0.058, -0.014)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in BMD TBLH* (g/cm <span class="Sup">2</span>) </span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-0.026 (-0.039, -0.012)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Height (cm) (4 to 9 years, Primary Analysis Population for Height) *</span><span class="Bold">*</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-0.84 (-2.67, 0.99)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Height (cm) (4 to 15 years)</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-0.75 (-2.21, 0.71)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Height (cm) (10 to 15 years)</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-1.01 (-3.64, 1.61)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Height Velocity (cm/year) (4 to 9 years)</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-1.00 (-2.76, 0.76)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Height Velocity (cm/year) (4 to 15 years)</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-0.98 (-2.33, 0.37)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Height Velocity (cm/Year) (10 to 15 years)</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-0.96 (-3.24, 1.32)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Annual Change in Weight (kg)</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"><span class="Bold">-2.05 (-3.66, -0.45)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="2" valign="top">* TBLH=total body less head           <br/> <span class="Bold"><span class="Sup">**</span></span>Whereas no patients were randomized to 2 to 5 year age subgroup for topiramate, 5 patients (4 to 5 years) were  randomized to the active control group. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) was observed in all topiramate-treated patients at some time in the study [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. Over the whole study, 76% more topiramate-treated patients experienced persistent metabolic acidosis (i.e. 2 consecutive visits with or final serum bicarbonate < 20 mEq/L) compared to levetiracetam treated patients. Over the whole study, 35% more topiramate-treated patients experienced a markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate (i.e., absolute value < 17 mEq/L and ≥ 5 mEq/L decrease from pre-treatment), indicating the frequency of more severe metabolic acidosis, compared to levetiracetam-treated patients. The decrease in BMD at 12 months was correlated with decreased serum bicarbonate, suggesting that metabolic acidosis was at least a partial factor contributing to this adverse effect on BMD.

Topiramate-treated patients exhibited an increased risk for developing an increased serum creatinine and an increased serum glucose above the normal reference range compared to control patients.

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 2 Years

Safety and effectiveness in patients below the age of 2 years have not been established for the monotherapy treatment of epilepsy.

Preventive Treatment of Migraine Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age Safety and  effectiveness  of  topiramate  for the preventive treatment of migraine was studied in 5 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trials in a total of 219 pediatric patients, at doses of 50 to 200 mg/day, or 2 to 3 mg/kg/day. These comprised a fixed dose study in 103 pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age [see Clinical Studies (14.3)], a flexible dose (2 to 3 mg/kg/day), placebo-controlled study in 157 pediatric patients 6 to 16 years of age (including 67 pediatric patients 12 to 16 years of age), and a total of 49 pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age in 3 studies for the preventive treatment of migraine primarily in adults. Open-label extension phases of 3 studies enabled evaluation of long-term safety for up to 6 months after the end of the double-blind phase. Efficacy of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age is demonstrated for a 100 mg daily dose in Study 13  [see Clinical Studies (14.3)]. Efficacy of topiramate (2 to 3 mg/kg/day) for the preventive treatment of migraine was not demonstrated in a placebo- controlled trial of 157 pediatric  patients  (6  to  16 years  of  age)  that  included  treatment  of 67 pediatric patients (12 to 16 years of age) for 20 weeks. In the pediatric trials (12 to 17 years of age) in which patients were randomized to placebo or a fixed daily dose of topiramate, the most common adverse reactions with topiramate that were seen at an incidence higher (≥5%) than in the placebo group were: paresthesia, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, and abdominal pain [see Adverse Reactions (6)]. The most common cognitive adverse reaction in pooled double-blind studies in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age was difficulty with concentration/attention [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. Markedly abnormally low serum bicarbonate values indicative of metabolic acidosis were reported in topiramate-treated pediatric migraine patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. In topiramate-treated pediatric patients (12 to 17 years of age) compared to placebo-treated patients, abnormally increased results were more frequent for creatinine, BUN, uric acid, chloride, ammonia, total protein, and platelets. Abnormally decreased results were observed with topiramate vs placebo treatment for phosphorus and bicarbonate [see Adverse Reactions  (6.1)]. Notable changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse were observed occurred more commonly in pediatric patients treated with topiramate compared to pediatric patients treated with placebo [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].

Pediatric Patients Below the Age of 12 Years

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established for the preventive treatment of migraine. In  a  double-blind  study   in   90 pediatric   patients   6   to   11 years   of   age   (including 59 topiramate-treated and 31 placebo patients), the adverse reaction profile was generally similar to that seen in pooled double-blind studies of pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age. The most common adverse reactions that occurred in topiramate-treated pediatric patients 6 to 11 years of age, and at least twice as frequently than placebo, were gastroenteritis (12% topiramate, 6% placebo), sinusitis (10% topiramate, 3% placebo), weight loss (8% topiramate, 3% placebo) and paresthesia (7% topiramate,  0% placebo).  Difficulty with  concentration/attention  occurred  in 3 topiramate-treated patients (5%) and 0 placebo-treated patients. The risk for cognitive adverse reaction was greater in younger patients (6 to 11 years of age) than in older patients (12 to 17 years of age) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. Juvenile Animal Studies When topiramate (0, 30, 90, and 300 mg/kg/day) was administered orally to rats during the juvenile period of development (postnatal days 12 to 50), bone growth plate thickness was reduced in males at the highest dose. The no-effect dose (90 mg/kg/day) for adverse developmental effects is approximately 2 times the maximum recommended pediatric dose (9 mg/kg/day) on a body surface area (mg/m 2) basis.

In clinical trials, 3% of patients were over age 60. No age-related differences in effectiveness or adverse effects were evident. However, clinical studies of topiramate did not include sufficient numbers of subjects age 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Dosage adjustment may be necessary for elderly with age-related renal impairment (creatinine clearance rate <70 mL/min/1.73 m 2) resulting in reduced clearance [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The clearance of topiramate is reduced in patients with moderate (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and severe (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2) renal impairment. A dosage adjustment is recommended in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Topiramate is cleared by hemodialysis at a rate that is 4 to 6 times greater than in a normal individual. A dosage adjustment may be required [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses involving topiramate.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Overdoses of topiramate have been reported. Signs and symptoms included convulsions, drowsiness, speech disturbance, blurred vision, diplopia, impaired mentation, lethargy, abnormal coordination, stupor, hypotension, abdominal pain, agitation, dizziness and depression. The clinical consequences were not severe in most cases, but deaths have been reported after overdoses involving topiramate. \n \n\n" }

Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate overdose has resulted in severe metabolic acidosis\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. \n \n\n\n" }

A patient who ingested a dose of topiramate between 96 and 110 g was admitted to a hospital with a coma lasting 20 to 24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "A patient who ingested a dose of topiramate between 96 and 110 g was admitted to a hospital with a coma lasting 20 to 24 hours followed by full recovery after 3 to 4 days. \n \n\n" }

In the event of overdose, topiramate should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until clinical toxicity has been diminished or resolved. Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "In the event of overdose, topiramate should be discontinued and general supportive treatment given until clinical toxicity has been diminished or resolved. Hemodialysis is an effective means of removing topiramate from the body." }

Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. Topiramate  tablets are available as 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg round tablets for oral administration. Topiramate is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate USP is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and having a pH of  9 to 10. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3. Topiramate has the molecular formula C 12H 21NO 8S and a molecular weight of 339.37. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di- O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula: Topiramate tablets, USP contain the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized maize starch, sodium starch glycolate type A potato, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol and talc.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Topiramate is a sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide. Topiramate  tablets are available as 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg round tablets for oral administration. \n \n Topiramate is a white crystalline powder with a bitter taste. Topiramate USP is most soluble in alkaline solutions containing sodium hydroxide or sodium phosphate and having a pH of  9 to 10. It is freely soluble in acetone, chloroform, dimethylsulfoxide, and ethanol. The solubility in water is 9.8 mg/mL. Its saturated solution has a pH of 6.3. Topiramate has the molecular formula C\n \n 12H\n \n 21NO\n \n 8S and a molecular weight of 339.37. Topiramate is designated chemically as 2,3:4,5-Di-\n \n O-isopropylidene-β-D-fructopyranose sulfamate and has the following structural formula: \n \n\n\n Topiramate tablets, USP contain the following inactive ingredients: anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized maize starch, sodium starch glycolate type A potato, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol and talc.\n\n " }

In addition, individual tablets contain: 50 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow 100 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow, and D&C Yellow # 10 Aluminum Lake 200 mg tablets: iron oxide red, lecithin (soya), and iron oxide black

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "In addition, individual tablets contain: \n 50 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow \n 100 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow, and D&C Yellow # 10 Aluminum Lake \n 200 mg tablets: iron oxide red, lecithin (soya), and iron oxide black\n " }

The precise mechanisms by which topiramate exerts its anticonvulsant and preventive migraine effects are unknown; however, preclinical studies have revealed four properties that may contribute to topiramate's efficacy for epilepsy and the preventive treatment of migraine. Electrophysiological and biochemical evidence suggests that topiramate, at pharmacologically  relevant concentrations, blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels, augments the activity of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyrate at some subtypes of the GABA-A receptor, antagonizes the AMPA/kainate subtype of the glutamate receptor, and inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzyme, particularly isozymes II and IV.

Topiramate has anticonvulsant activity in rat and mouse maximal electroshock seizure (MES) tests. Topiramate is only weakly effective in blocking clonic seizures induced by the GABAA receptor antagonist, pentylenetetrazole. Topiramate is also effective in rodent models of epilepsy, which include tonic and absence-like seizures in the spontaneous epileptic rat (SER) and tonic and clonic seizures induced in rats by kindling of the amygdala or by global ischemia.

Changes (increases and decreases) from baseline in vital signs (systolic blood pressure-SBP, diastolic blood pressure-DBP,  pulse)  occurred  more  frequently  in  pediatric  patients  (6 to 17 years) treated with  various  daily  doses  of  topiramate  (50 mg,  100 mg,  200 mg,  2 to 3 mg/kg) than in patients treated with placebo in controlled trials for the preventive treatment of migraine. The most notable changes were SBP <90 mm Hg, DBP <50 mm Hg, SBP or DBP increases or decreases ≥20 mm Hg, and pulse increases or decreases ≥30 beats per minute. These changes were often dose-related, and were most frequently associated with the greatest treatment difference at the 200 mg dose level. Systematic collection of orthostatic vital signs has not been conducted. The clinical significance of these various changes in vital signs has not been clearly established.

Absorption of topiramate is rapid, with peak plasma concentrations occurring at approximately 2 hours following a 400 mg oral dose. The relative bioavailability of topiramate from the tablet formulation is about 80% compared to a solution. The bioavailability of topiramate is not affected by food. The pharmacokinetics of topiramate are linear with dose proportional increases in plasma concentration over the dose range studied (200 to 800 mg/day). The mean plasma elimination half-life is 21 hours after single or multiple doses. Steady-state is thus reached in about 4 days in patients with normal renal function. Topiramate is 15% to 41% bound to human plasma proteins over the blood concentration range of 0.5 to 250 mcg/mL. The fraction bound decreased as blood concentration increased. Carbamazepine and phenytoin do not alter the binding of topiramate. Sodium valproate, at 500 mcg/mL (a concentration 5 to 10 times higher than considered therapeutic for valproate) decreased the protein binding of topiramate from 23% to 13%. Topiramate does not influence the binding of sodium valproate. Metabolism and ExcretionTopiramate is not extensively metabolized and is primarily eliminated unchanged in the urine (approximately 70% of an administered dose). Six metabolites have been identified in humans, none of which constitutes more than 5% of an administered dose. The metabolites are formed via hydroxylation, hydrolysis, and glucuronidation. There is evidence of renal tubular reabsorption of topiramate. In rats, given probenecid to inhibit tubular reabsorption, along with topiramate, a significant increase in renal clearance of topiramate was observed. This interaction has not been evaluated in humans. Overall, oral plasma clearance (CL/F) is approximately 20 to 30 mL/min in adults following oral administration. Specific Populations Renal ImpairmentThe clearance of topiramate was reduced by 42% in subjects with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance 30 to 69 mL/min/1.73 m 2) and by 54% in subjects with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2) compared to subjects with normal renal function (creatinine clearance >70 mL/min/1.73 m 2) [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and (2.5)]. HemodialysisTopiramate is cleared by hemodialysis. Using a high-efficiency, counterflow, single pass-dialysate hemodialysis procedure, topiramate dialysis clearance was 120 mL/min with blood flow through the  dialyzer  at  400 mL/min.  This  high  clearance  (compared  to  20  to 30 mL/min total oral clearance in healthy adults) will remove a clinically significant amount of topiramate from the patient over the hemodialysis treatment period [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), Use in Specific Populations (8.7)]. Hepatic ImpairmentPlasma clearance of topiramate decreased a mean of 26% in patients with moderate to severe hepatic impairment. Age, Gender, and RaceThe pharmacokinetics of topiramate in elderly subjects (65 to 85 years of age, N=16) were evaluated in a controlled clinical study. The elderly subject population had reduced renal function (creatinine clearance [-20%]) compared to young adults. Following a single oral 100 mg dose, maximum plasma concentration for elderly and young adults was achieved at approximately 1 to 2 hours. Reflecting the primary renal elimination of topiramate, topiramate plasma and renal clearance were reduced 21% and 19%, respectively, in elderly subjects, compared to young adults. Similarly, topiramate half-life was longer (13%) in the elderly. Reduced topiramate clearance resulted in slightly higher maximum plasma concentration (23%) and AUC (25%) in elderly subjects than observed in young adults. Topiramate clearance is decreased in the elderly only to the extent that renal function is reduced [see Dosage and Administration (2.4) and  Use in Specific Populations (8.5)]. Clearance of topiramate in adults was not affected by gender or race. Pediatric PharmacokineticsPharmacokinetics of topiramate were evaluated in patients age 2 to <16 years. Patients received either no or a combination of other antiepileptic drugs. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed on the basis of pharmacokinetic data from relevant topiramate clinical studies. This dataset contained data from 1217 subjects including 258 pediatric patients age 2 to <16 years (95 pediatric patients <10 years of age). Pediatric patients on adjunctive treatment exhibited a higher oral clearance (L/h) of topiramate compared to patients on monotherapy, presumably because of increased clearance from concomitant enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. In comparison, topiramate clearance per kg is greater in pediatric patients than in adults and in young pediatric patients (down to 2 years) than in older pediatric patients. Consequently, the plasma drug concentration for the same mg/kg/day dose would be lower in pediatric patients compared to adults and also in younger pediatric patients compared to older pediatric patients. Clearance was independent of dose. As in adults, hepatic enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs decrease the steady state plasma concentrations of topiramate. Pediatric Patients with Obesity A population PK analysis of topiramate was conducted in 129 children <21 years of age with and without obesity to evaluate the potential impact of obesity on plasma topiramate exposures. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 95th percentile for age and sex based on CDC-recommended BMI for- age growth charts for males and females. Using the currently recommended dosing regimens, children with obesity are likely to have median values of average concentration at steady-state and trough concentration at steady-state up to 20% lower and 19% lower, respectively, compared to children without obesity. Dosage adjustment according to obesity status is not necessary.

Drug InteractionsIn vitro studies indicate that topiramate does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, or CYP3A4/5 isozymes. In vitro studies indicate that topiramate is a mild inhibitor of CYP2C19 and a mild inducer of CYP3A4. Antiepileptic Drugs Potential interactions between topiramate and standard AEDs were assessed in controlled clinical pharmacokinetic studies in patients with epilepsy. The effects of these interactions on mean plasma AUCs are summarized in Table 11. In Table 11, the second column (AED concentration) describes what happens to the concentration of the coadministered AED listed in the first column when topiramate is added. The third column (topiramate concentration) describes how the coadministration of a drug listed in the first column modifies the concentration of topiramate when compared to topiramate given alone.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="840.56"> <col width="32.5949367088608%"/> <col width="33.7025316455696%"/> <col width="33.7025316455696%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Table 11</span>:     <span class="Bold">Summary of AED Interactions with topiramate</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> AED Coadministered </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> AED Concentration </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Topiramate Concentration </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Phenytoin </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NC or 25% increase <span class="Sup">a</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 48% decrease </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Carbamazepine (CBZ) </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NC </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 40% decrease </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> CBZ epoxide <span class="Sup">b</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NC </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NE </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Valproic acid </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 11% decrease </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 14% decrease </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Phenobarbital </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NC </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NE </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Primidone </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NC </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NE </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Lamotrigine </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> NC at TPM doses up to 400 mg/day </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 13% decrease </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> a = Plasma concentration increased 25% in some patients, generally those on a twice a day dosing regimen of phenytoin. <br/> b = Is not administered but is an active metabolite of carbamazepine. <br/> NC = Less than 10% change in plasma concentration. <br/> AED = Antiepileptic drug. <br/> NE = Not Evaluated. <br/> TPM = Topiramate </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Oral Contraceptives In a pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers with a concomitantly administered combination oral contraceptive product containing 1 mg norethindrone (NET) plus 35 mcg ethinyl estradiol (EE), topiramate, given in the absence of other medications at doses of  50 to 200 mg/day, was not associated with statistically significant changes in mean exposure (AUC) to either component of the oral contraceptive. In another study, exposure to EE was statistically significantly decreased at doses of  200, 400, and 800 mg/day (18%, 21%, and 30%, respectively) when given as adjunctive therapy in patients taking valproic acid. In both studies, topiramate  (50 mg/day to 800 mg/day) did not significantly affect exposure to NET and there was no significant dose-dependent change in EE exposure for doses of  50 to 200 mg/day. The clinical significance of the changes observed is not known [see Drug Interactions (7.4)]. DigoxinIn a single-dose study, serum digoxin AUC was decreased by 12% with concomitant topiramate administration. The clinical relevance of this observation has not been established. HydrochlorothiazideA drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (25 mg every 24 hours) and topiramate (96 mg every 12 hours) when administered alone and concomitantly. The results of this study indicate that topiramate Cmax increased by 27% and AUC increased by 29% when HCTZ was added to topiramate. The clinical significance of this change is unknown. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of HCTZ were not significantly influenced by the concomitant administration of  topiramate. Clinical laboratory results indicated decreases in serum potassium after topiramate or HCTZ administration, which were greater when HCTZ and topiramate were administered in combination. MetforminA drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of metformin (500 mg every 12 hours) and topiramate in plasma when metformin was given alone and when metformin and topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours) were given simultaneously. The results of this study indicated that the mean metformin C maxand AUC 0-12hincreased by 18% and 25%, respectively, when topiramate was added. Topiramate did not affect metformin t max. The clinical significance of the effect of topiramate on metformin pharmacokinetics is not known. Oral plasma clearance of topiramate appears to be reduced when administered with metformin. The clinical significance of the effect of metformin on topiramate pharmacokinetics is unclear. PioglitazoneA drug interaction study conducted in healthy volunteers evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and pioglitazone when administered alone and concomitantly. A 15% decrease in the AUC τ,ssof pioglitazone with no alteration in C max,sswas observed. This finding was not statistically significant. In addition, a 13% and 16% decrease in C max,ssand AUC τ,ssrespectively, of the active hydroxy-metabolite was noted as well as a 60% decrease in Cmax,ss and AUC τ,ssof the active keto-metabolite. The clinical significance of these findings is not known. GlyburideA drug-drug interaction study conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes evaluated the steady-state pharmacokinetics of glyburide (5 mg/day) alone and concomitantly with topiramate (150 mg/day). There was a 22% decrease in Cmax and a 25% reduction in AUC24 for glyburide during topiramate administration. Systemic exposure (AUC) of the active metabolites, 4-trans-hydroxy-glyburide (M1) and 3-cis-hydroxyglyburide (M2), was also reduced by 13% and 15%, and Cmax was reduced by 18% and 25%, respectively. The steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate were unaffected by concomitant administration of glyburide. LithiumIn patients, the pharmacokinetics of lithium were unaffected during treatment with topiramate at doses of 200 mg/day; however, there was an observed increase in systemic exposure of lithium (27% for C maxand 26% for AUC) following topiramate doses up to 600 mg/day [see Drug Interactions (7.7)]. HaloperidolThe pharmacokinetics of a single dose of haloperidol (5 mg) were not affected following multiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hr) in 13 healthy adults (6 males, 7 females). AmitriptylineThere was a 12% increase in AUC and C maxfor amitriptyline (25 mg per day) in 18 healthy subjects (9 males, 9 females) receiving 200 mg/day of topiramate. SumatriptanMultiple dosing of topiramate (100 mg every 12 hours)  in  24 healthy volunteers  (14 males, 10 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of single-dose sumatriptan either orally (100 mg) or subcutaneously (6 mg). RisperidoneWhen administered concomitantly with topiramate at  escalating  doses  of  100, 250,  and 400 mg/day, there was a reduction in risperidone systemic exposure (16% and 33% for steady-state AUC at the 250 and 400 mg/day doses of topiramate). No alterations of  9-hydroxyrisperidone levels were observed. Coadministration of topiramate 400 mg/day with risperidone resulted in a 14% increase in C maxand a 12% increase in AUC 12of topiramate. There were no clinically significant changes in the systemic exposure of risperidone plus 9-hydroxyrisperidone or of topiramate; therefore, this interaction is not likely to be of clinical significance. PropranololMultiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 34 healthy volunteers (17 males, 17 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of propranolol following daily 160 mg doses. Propranolol doses of 160 mg/day in 39 volunteers (27 males, 12 females) had no effect on the exposure to topiramate, at a dose of 200 mg/day of topiramate. Dihydroergotamine Multiple dosing of topiramate (200 mg/day) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 males, 12 females) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of a 1 mg subcutaneous dose of dihydroergotamine. Similarly, a 1  mg  subcutaneous  dose  of  dihydroergotamine  did  not  affect  the  pharmacokinetics  of  a 200 mg/day dose of topiramate in the same study. DiltiazemCoadministration of diltiazem (240 mg Cardizem CD ®*) with topiramate (150 mg/day) resulted in a 10% decrease in C maxand a 25% decrease in diltiazem AUC, a 27% decrease in C maxand an 18% decrease in des-acetyl diltiazem AUC, and no effect on N-desmethyl diltiazem. Coadministration of topiramate with diltiazem resulted in a 16% increase in Cmax and a 19% increase in AUC 12of topiramate. VenlafaxineMultiple dosing of topiramate (150 mg/day) in healthy volunteers did not affect the pharmacokinetics of venlafaxine or O-desmethyl venlafaxine. Multiple dosing of venlafaxine (150 mg) did not affect the pharmacokinetics of topiramate.

Carcinogenesis An increase in urinary bladder tumors was observed in mice given topiramate (0, 20, 75, and 300 mg/kg/day) in the diet for 21 months. The increase in the incidence of bladder tumors in males and females receiving 300 mg/kg/day was primarily due to the increased occurrence of a smooth muscle tumor considered histomorphologically unique to mice. The higher of the doses not associated with an increase in tumors (75 mg/kg/day) is equivalent to the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) for epilepsy (400 mg), and approximately 4 times the MRHD for migraine (100 mg) on a mg/m2 basis. The relevance of this finding to human carcinogenic risk is uncertain. No evidence of carcinogenicity was seen in rats following oral administration of topiramate for 2 years at doses up to 120 mg/kg/day (approximately 3 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 12 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2basis).

Mutagenesis Topiramate did not demonstrate genotoxic potential when tested in a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. Topiramate was not mutagenic in the Ames test or the in vitro mouse lymphoma assay; it did not increase unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes in vitro; and it did not increase chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro or in rat bone marrow in vivo.

Impairment of Fertility No adverse effects on male or female fertility were observed in rats administered topiramate orally at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day (2.5 times the MRHD for epilepsy and 10 times the MRHD for migraine on a mg/m 2basis) prior to and during mating and early pregnancy.

Patients with Partial-Onset or Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic SeizuresAdults and Pediatric Patients 10 Years of Age and Older The effectiveness of topiramate as initial monotherapy in  adults  and  pediatric  patients 10 years of age and older with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (Study 1). Study 1 was conducted in 487 patients diagnosed with epilepsy (6 to 83 years of age) who had 1 or 2 well-documented seizures during the 3-month retrospective baseline phase who then entered the study and received topiramate 25 mg/day for 7 days in an open-label fashion. Forty-nine percent of patients had no prior AED treatment and 17% had a diagnosis of epilepsy for greater than 24 months. Any AED therapy used for temporary or emergency purposes was discontinued prior to randomization. In the double-blind phase, 470 patients were randomized to titrate up to 50 mg/day or 400 mg/day. If the target dose could not be achieved, patients were maintained on the maximum tolerated dose. Fifty-eight percent of patients achieved the maximal dose of 400 mg/day for >2 weeks, and patients who did not tolerate 150 mg/day were discontinued.

The primary efficacy assessment was a between-group comparison of time to first seizure during the double-blind phase. Comparison of the Kaplan-Meier survival curves of time to first seizure favored the topiramate 400 mg/day group over the topiramate 50 mg/day group (Figure 1). The treatment effects with respect to time to first seizure were consistent across various patient subgroups defined by age, sex, geographic region, baseline body weight, baseline seizure type, time since diagnosis, and baseline AED use. Figure 1: Kaplan-Meier Estimates of Cumulative Rates for Time to First Seizure in Study 1

Pediatric Patients 2 to 9 Years of AgeThe conclusion that topiramate is effective as initial monotherapy in pediatric patients 2 to 9 years of age with partial-onset or primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures was based on a pharmacometric bridging approach using data from the controlled epilepsy trials described in labeling. This approach consisted of first showing a similar exposure response relationship between pediatric patients down to 2 years of age and adults when topiramate was given as adjunctive therapy. Similarity of exposure-response was also demonstrated in pediatric patients 6 to less than 16 years of age and adults when topiramate was given as initial monotherapy. Specific dosing in pediatric patients 2 to 9 years of age was derived from simulations utilizing plasma exposure ranges observed in pediatric and adult patients treated with topiramate initial monotherapy [see Dosage and Administration (2.1)].

Adult Patients With Partial-Onset Seizures The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for adults with partial-onset seizures was established in six multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (Studies 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7), two comparing several dosages of topiramate and placebo and four comparing a single dosage with placebo, in patients with a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures. Patients in these studies were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In each study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during baseline phase lasting between 4 and 12 weeks. Patients who experienced a pre-specified minimum number of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondary generalization, during the baseline phase (12 seizures for 12-week baseline, 8 for 8-week baseline or 3 for 4-week baseline) were randomly assigned to placebo or a specified dose of topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs. Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. In five of the six studies, patients received active drug beginning at 100 mg per day; the dose was then increased by 100 mg or 200 mg/day increments weekly or every other week until the assigned dose was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. In the sixth study (Study 7), the 25 or 50 mg/day initial doses of topiramate were followed by respective weekly increments of 25 or 50 mg/day until the target dose of 200 mg/day was reached. After titration, patients entered a 4, 8 or 12-week stabilization period. The numbers of patients randomized to each dose and the actual mean and median doses in the stabilization period are shown in Table 12. Pediatric Patients 2 to 16 Years of Age with Partial-Onset Seizures The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for pediatric patients 2 to 16 years of age with partial-onset seizures was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 8), comparing topiramate and placebo in patients with  a history of partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures (see Table 13). Patients in this study were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate tablets or placebo. In this study, patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least six partial-onset seizures, with or without secondarily generalized seizures, during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate tablets in addition to their other AEDs. Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 25 or 50 mg/day; the dose was then increased by 25 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dosage of 125, 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period. Patients With Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures in patients 2 years of age and older was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 9), comparing a single dosage of topiramate and placebo (see Table 13). Patients in Study 9 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during an 8-week baseline phase. Patients who experienced at least three primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures during the baseline phase were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Following randomization, patients began the double-blind phase of treatment. Patients received active drug beginning at 50 mg/day for four weeks; the dose was then increased by 50 mg to 150 mg/day increments every other week until the assigned dose of 175, 225, or 400 mg/day based on patients' body weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg/day was reached, unless intolerance prevented increases. After titration, patients entered a 12-week stabilization period. Patients With Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome The effectiveness of topiramate as an adjunctive treatment for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (Study 10) comparing a single dosage of topiramate with placebo in patients 2 years of age and older (see Table 13). Patients in Study 10 were permitted a maximum of two antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in addition to topiramate or placebo. Patients who were experiencing at least 60 seizures per month before study entry were stabilized on optimum dosages of their concomitant AEDs during a 4-week baseline phase. Following baseline, patients were randomly assigned to placebo or topiramate in addition to their other AEDs. Active drug was titrated beginning at 1 mg/kg/day for a week; the dose was then increased to 3 mg/kg/day for one week, then to 6 mg/kg/day. After titration, patients entered an 8-week stabilization period. The primary measures of effectiveness were the percent reduction in drop attacks and a parental global rating of seizure severity.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="868.49"> <col width="11.0260336906585%"/> <col width="16.8453292496172%"/> <col width="14.0888208269525%"/> <col width="13.1699846860643%"/> <col width="13.323124042879%"/> <col width="13.0168453292496%"/> <col width="9.03522205206738%"/> <col width="9.49464012251149%"/> <thead> <tr class="First"> <th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="8"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Table 12: Topiramate</span><span class="Bold">Dose Summary During the Stabilization Periods of Each of Six Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Trials in Adults with Partial-Onset Seizures <span class="Sup">a</span></span></th> </tr> <tr> <th class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2"><span class="Bold"> <br/> Study </span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Stabilization Dose</span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" rowspan="2"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Placebo <span class="Sup">b</span></span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule" colspan="5"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Target Topiramate</span><span class="Bold">Dosage (mg/day)</span></th> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <br/> <span class="Bold">200</span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <br/> <span class="Bold">400</span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <br/> <span class="Bold">600</span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <br/> <span class="Bold">800</span></th><th align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule Toprule"> <br/> <span class="Bold">1</span><span class="Bold">,000</span></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> 2 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> N </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 42 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 42 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 40 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 41 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Mean Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 5.9 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 200 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 390 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 556 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Median Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 6.0 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 200 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 400 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 600 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> 3 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> N </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 44 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 40 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 45 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 40 </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Mean Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 9.7 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 544 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 739 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 796 </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Median Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 10.0 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 600 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 800 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 1,000 </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> 4 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> N </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 23 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 19 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Mean Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 3.8 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 395 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Median Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 4.0 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 400 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> 5 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> N </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 30 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 28 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Mean Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 5.7 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 522 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Median Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 6.0 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 600 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> 6 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> N </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 28 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 25 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Mean Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 7.9 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 568 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Median Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 8.0 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 600 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="top"> <br/> 7 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> N </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 90 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 157 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Mean Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 8 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 200 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> Median Dose </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 8 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 200 </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td><td align="justify" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> -- </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="8" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Sup">a</span>     Dose-response studies were not conducted for other indications or pediatric partial-onset seizures. <br/> <span class="Sup">b</span>     Placebo dosages are given as the number of tablets. Placebo target dosages were as follows: Protocol 3 4 tablets/day; Protocols 1 and 4, 6 tablets/day; Protocols 5 and 6, 8 tablets/day; Protocol 2, 10 tablets/day. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In all adjunctive trials, the reduction in seizure rate from baseline during the entire double-blind phase was measured. The median percent reductions in seizure rates and the responder rates (fraction of patients with at least a 50% reduction) by treatment group for each study are shown below in Table 13. As described above, a global improvement in seizure severity was also assessed in the Lennox-Gastaut trial.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%"> <col width="11%"/> <col width="15%"/> <col width="11%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <col width="10%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="9" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Table 13: Efficacy Results in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Adjunctive Epilepsy Trials</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Study #</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">#</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" rowspan="2" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Placebo</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" colspan="6" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Target Topiramate Dosage (mg per day)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">200</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">400</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">600</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">800</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">1,000</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">≈6mg/kg/day*</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="9" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Partial-Onset Seizures Studies in Adults</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">45 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">45 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">45 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">46 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">12 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">27 <span class="Sup">a</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">48 <span class="Sup">b</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">45 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">18 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">24 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">44 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">46 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">3 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">47 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">48 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">48 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">47 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">2 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">41 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">41 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">36 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">40 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">41 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">36 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">4 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">24 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">23 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">1 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">41 <span class="Sup">e</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">35 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">30 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">30 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-12 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">46 <span class="Sup">f</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">10 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">47 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">6 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">28 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">28 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-21 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">24 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">0 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">43 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">7 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">91 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">168 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">20 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">44 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">24 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">45 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="9" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Partial-Onset Seizures Studies in Pediatric Patients</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">8 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">45 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">41 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">11 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">33 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">20 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">39 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="9" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Primary Generalized Tonic-Clonic <span class="Sup">h</span></span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="3" valign="middle">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">40 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">39 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">9 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">57 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">20 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">56 <span class="Sup">c</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="9" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome <span class="Sup">i</span></span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="4" valign="middle">10 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">N <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">49 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">46 <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Median % Reduction <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-5 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">15 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">% Responders <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">14 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">28 <span class="Sup">g</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle">Improvement in Seizure Severity <span class="Sup">j</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">28 <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">-- <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="middle">52 <span class="Sup">d</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="9" valign="middle">Comparisons with placebo: <span class="Sup">a</span>p=0.080; <span class="Sup">b</span>p≤0.010; <span class="Sup">c</span>p≤0.001; <span class="Sup">d</span>p≤0.050; <span class="Sup">e</span>p=0.065; <span class="Sup">f</span>p≤0.005; <span class="Sup">g</span>p=0.071; <br/> <span class="Sup">h</span>Median % reduction and % responders are reported for PGTC seizures; <br/> <span class="Sup">i</span>Median % reduction and % responders for drop attacks, i.e., tonic or atonic seizures  <br/> <span class="Sup">j</span>Percentage of subjects who were minimally, much, or very much improved from baseline. <br/> * For Studies 8 and 9, specified target dosages (&lt;9.3 mg/kg/day) were assigned based on subject's weight to approximate a dosage of 6 mg/kg per day; these dosages corresponded to mg/day dosages of 125, 175, 225, and 400 mg/day <br/> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Subset analyses of the antiepileptic efficacy of topiramate tablets in these studies showed no differences as a function of gender, race, age, baseline seizure rate, or concomitant AED.  In clinical trials for epilepsy, daily dosages were decreased  in  weekly  intervals  by  50  to 100 mg/day in adults and over a 2- to 8-week period in pediatric patients; transition was permitted to a new antiepileptic regimen when clinically indicated.

Adult Patients

The results of 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trials established the effectiveness of topiramatein the preventive  treatment  of migraine. The design of both trials (Study 11 was conducted in the U.S. and Study 12 was conducted in the U.S. and Canada) was identical, enrolling patients with a history of migraine, with or without aura, for at least 6 months, according to the International Headache Society (IHS) diagnostic criteria. Patients with a history of cluster headaches or basilar, ophthalmoplegic, hemiplegic, or transformed migraine headaches were excluded from the trials. Patients were required to have completed up to a 2-week washout of any prior migraine preventive medications before starting the baseline phase. Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine headaches over the 4 weeks in the baseline phase were randomized to either topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, 200 mg/day, or placebo and treated for a total of 26 weeks (8-week titration period and 18-week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily). Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by the reduction in migraine headache frequency, as measured by the change in 4-week migraine rate (according to migraines classified by IHS criteria) from the baseline phase to double-blind treatment period in each topiramate treatment group compared to placebo in the Intent-To-Treat (ITT) population. In Study 11, a total of 469 patients (416 females, 53 males), ranging in age from 13 to 70 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred sixty-five patients completed the entire 26-week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 48 mg/day, 88 mg/day, and 132 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively. The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches/28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4-week migraine headache frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.3, -2.1, and -2.2 in the topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -0.8 in the placebo group (see Figure 2). The treatment differences between the topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p<0.001 for both comparisons).

In Study 12, a total of 468 patients (406 females, 62 males), ranging in age from 12 to 65 years, were randomized and provided efficacy data. Two hundred fifty-five patients completed the entire 26-week double-blind phase. The median average daily dosages were 47 mg/day, 86 mg/day, and 150 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day, respectively. The mean migraine headache frequency rate at baseline was approximately 5.5 migraine headaches/28 days and was similar across treatment groups. The change in the mean 4-week migraine headache period frequency from baseline to the double-blind phase was -1.4, -2.1, and -2.4 in the topiramate 50, 100, and 200 mg/day groups, respectively, versus -1.1 in the placebo group (see Figure 2). The differences between the topiramate 100 and 200 mg/day groups versus placebo were similar and statistically significant (p=0.008 and p <0.001, respectively). In both studies, there were no apparent differences in treatment effect within age or gender subgroups. Because most patients were Caucasian, there were insufficient numbers of patients from different races to make a meaningful comparison of race. For patients withdrawing from topiramate, daily dosages were decreased in weekly intervals by 25 to 50 mg/day.

Figure 2: Reduction in 4-Week Migraine Headache Frequency (Studies 11 and 12 for Adults and Adolescents)

Pediatric Patients 12 to 17 Years of Age The effectiveness of topiramate for the preventive treatment of migraine in pediatric patients 12 to 17 years of age was established in a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial (Study 13). The study enrolled 103 patients (40 male, 63 female) 12 to 17 years of age with episodic migraine headaches with or without aura. Patient selection was based on IHS criteria for migraines (using proposed revisions to the 1988 IHS pediatric migraine criteria [IHS-R criteria]). Patients who experienced 3 to 12 migraine attacks (according to migraines classified by patient reported diaries) and ≤14 headache days (migraine and non-migraine) during the 4-week prospective baseline period were randomized to either topiramate 50 mg/day, 100 mg/day, or placebo and treated for a total of 16 weeks (4-week titration period followed by a 12-week maintenance period). Treatment was initiated at 25 mg/day for one week, and then the daily dosage was increased by 25 mg increments each week until reaching the assigned target dose or maximum tolerated dose (administered twice daily). Approximately 80% or more patients in each treatment group completed the study. The median average daily dosages were 45 and 79 mg/day in the target dose groups of topiramate 50 and 100 mg/day, respectively. Effectiveness of treatment was assessed by comparing each topiramate treatment group to placebo (ITT population) for the percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in the monthly migraine attack rate (primary endpoint). The percent reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly migraine attack rate is shown in Table 14. The 100 mg topiramate dose produced a statistically significant treatment difference relative to placebo of 28% reduction from baseline in the monthly migraine attack rate. The mean reduction from baseline to the last 12 weeks of the double-blind phase in average monthly attack rate, a key secondary efficacy endpoint in Study 13 (and the primary efficacy endpoint in Studies 11 and 12, of adults) was 3.0 for 100 mg topiramate dose and 1.7 for placebo. This 1.3 treatment difference in mean reduction from baseline of monthly migraine rate was statistically significant (p = 0.0087). Table 14: Percent Reduction from Baseline to the Last 12 Weeks of Double-Blind Phase in Average Monthly Attack Rate: Study 13 (Intent-to-Treat Analysis Set)

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="636.804"> <col width="33.030492898914%"/> <col width="16.969507101086%"/> <col width="25%"/> <col width="25%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" rowspan="2" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Category</span> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Topiramate</span> <br/> <br/> <span class="Bold">50 mg/day</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Topiramate</span> <br/> <br/> <span class="Bold">100 mg/day</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">(N=33)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">(N=35)</span></td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> <span class="Bold">(N=35)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Baseline</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Median <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 3.6  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 4.0  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 4.0  </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Last 12 Weeks of Double-Blind Phase</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Median <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 2.3  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 2.3  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 1.0  </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Bold">Percent Reduction (%)</span> <br/> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">Median <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 44.4  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 44.6  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 72.2  </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="top">P-value versus Placebo <span class="Sup">a,b</span> <br/> </td><td class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 0.7975  </td><td align="center" class="Rrule" valign="top"> <br/> 0.0164 <span class="Sup">c</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" colspan="4" valign="top"><span class="Sup">a</span>          P-values (two-sided) for comparisons relative to placebo are generated by applying an ANCOVA model on ranks that includes subject's stratified age at baseline, treatment group, and analysis center as factors and monthly migraine attack rate during baseline period as a covariate. <br/> <span class="Sup">b</span>          P-values for the dose groups are the adjusted p-value according to the Hochberg multiple comparison procedure. <br/> <br/> <span class="Sup">c</span>          Indicates p-value is &lt;0.05 (two-sided). </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Topiramate tablets, USP are available as debossed, film-coated, circular tablets in the following strengths and colors:

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25 mg white (coded “S” on one side; “707” on the other)

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "25 mg white (coded “S” on one side; “707” on the other)" }

NDC: 70518-1503-00

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-00" }

NDC: 70518-1503-01

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-01" }

NDC: 70518-1503-02

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-02" }

NDC: 70518-1503-03

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-03" }

PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BLISTER PACK

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BLISTER PACK" }

PACKAGING: 90 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 90 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC" }

PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BOX

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BOX" }

PACKAGING: 1 in 1 POUCH

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 1 in 1 POUCH" }

Store topiramate tablets at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture. Dispense in a tight container.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Store topiramate tablets at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Protect from moisture. Dispense in a tight container." }

Repackaged and Distributed By:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Repackaged and Distributed By:" }

Remedy Repack, Inc.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Remedy Repack, Inc." }

625 Kolter Dr. Suite #4 Indiana, PA 1-724-465-8762

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "625 Kolter Dr. Suite #4 Indiana, PA 1-724-465-8762" }

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide). Eye Disorders Instruct patients taking topiramate tablets to seek immediate medical attention if they experience blurred vision, visual disturbances, or periorbital pain [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)]. Oligohidrosis and Hyperthermia Closely monitor topiramate-treated patients, especially pediatric patients, for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Counsel patients to contact their healthcare professionals immediately if they develop a high or persistent fever, or decreased sweating [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. Metabolic Acidosis Warn patients about the potential significant risk for metabolic acidosis that may be asymptomatic and may be associated with adverse effects on kidneys (e.g., kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis), bones (e.g., osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and/or rickets in children), and growth (e.g., growth delay/retardation) in pediatric patients, and on the fetus [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. Suicidal Behavior and Ideation Counsel patients, their caregivers, and families that AEDs, including topiramate tablets, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, and advise of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or  behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, or behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Instruct  patients to immediately report behaviors of concern to their healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Interference with Cognitive and Motor Performance Warn patients about the potential for somnolence, dizziness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, or visual effects, and advise patients not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on topiramate tablets to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental performance, motor performance, and/or vision [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. Even when taking topiramate or other anticonvulsants, some patients with epilepsy will continue to have unpredictable seizures. Therefore, advise all patients taking topiramate for epilepsy to exercise appropriate caution when engaging in any activities where loss of consciousness could result in serious danger to themselves or those around them (including swimming, driving a car, climbing in high places, etc.). Some patients with refractory epilepsy will need to avoid such activities altogether. Discuss the appropriate level of caution with patients, before patients with epilepsy engage in such activities. Fetal Toxicity Inform pregnant women and women of childbearing potential that use of topiramate during pregnancy can cause fetal harm. Topiramate increases the risk  of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), which occur early in pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant. Also inform patients that infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy in utero may be SGA [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].There may also be risks to the fetus from chronic metabolic acidosis with use of topiramate  during pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options. Advise women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy to use effective contraception while using topiramate, keeping in mind that there is a potential for decreased contraceptive efficacy when using estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives  with topiramate [see Drug Interactions (7.4)]. Encourage pregnant women using topiramate, to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. The registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide). \n \n\n\nEye Disorders \n \nInstruct patients taking topiramate tablets to seek immediate medical attention if they experience blurred vision, visual disturbances, or periorbital pain\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1, 5.2)]. \n \n\n\n\nOligohidrosis and Hyperthermia \n \nClosely monitor topiramate-treated patients, especially pediatric patients, for evidence of decreased sweating and increased body temperature, especially in hot weather. Counsel patients to contact their healthcare professionals immediately if they develop a high or persistent fever, or decreased sweating\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. \n \n\n\n\nMetabolic Acidosis \n \nWarn patients about the potential significant risk for metabolic acidosis that may be asymptomatic and may be associated with adverse effects on kidneys (e.g., kidney stones, nephrocalcinosis), bones (e.g., osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and/or rickets in children), and growth (e.g., growth delay/retardation) in pediatric patients, and on the fetus\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. \n \n\n\n\nSuicidal Behavior and Ideation \n \nCounsel patients, their caregivers, and families that AEDs, including topiramate tablets, may increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior, and advise of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or  behavior or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, or behavior or thoughts about self-harm. Instruct  patients to immediately report behaviors of concern to their healthcare providers\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. \n \n\n\n\nInterference with Cognitive and Motor Performance \n \nWarn patients about the potential for somnolence, dizziness, confusion, difficulty concentrating, or visual effects, and advise patients not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on topiramate tablets to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental performance, motor performance, and/or vision\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. \n \n\n\n Even when taking topiramate or other anticonvulsants, some patients with epilepsy will continue to have unpredictable seizures. Therefore, advise all patients taking topiramate for epilepsy to exercise appropriate caution when engaging in any activities where loss of consciousness could result in serious danger to themselves or those around them (including swimming, driving a car, climbing in high places, etc.). Some patients with refractory epilepsy will need to avoid such activities altogether. Discuss the appropriate level of caution with patients, before patients with epilepsy engage in such activities. \n \n\n\nFetal Toxicity\n Inform pregnant women and women of childbearing potential that use of topiramate during pregnancy can cause fetal harm. Topiramate increases the risk  of major congenital malformations, including but not limited to cleft lip and/or cleft palate (oral clefts), which occur early in pregnancy before many women know they are pregnant. Also inform patients that infants exposed to topiramate monotherapy in utero may be SGA\n \n [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].There may also be risks to the fetus from chronic metabolic acidosis with use of topiramate  during pregnancy\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].When appropriate, counsel pregnant women and women of childbearing potential about alternative therapeutic options. \n \n Advise women of childbearing potential who are not planning a pregnancy to use effective contraception while using topiramate, keeping in mind that there is a potential for decreased contraceptive efficacy when using estrogen-containing or progestin-only contraceptives  with topiramate\n \n [see Drug Interactions (7.4)]. \n \n\n\n Encourage pregnant women using topiramate, to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry. The registry is collecting information about the safety of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy\n \n [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].\n" }

Decrease in Bone Mineral Density

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDecrease in Bone Mineral Density\n" }

Inform the patient or caregiver that long-term treatment with topiramate tablets can decrease bone formation and increase bone resorption in children [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inform the patient or caregiver that long-term treatment with topiramate tablets can decrease bone formation and increase bone resorption in children\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].\n" }

Negative Effects on Growth (Height and Weight)

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nNegative Effects on Growth (Height and Weight)\n" }

Discuss with the patient or caregiver that long-term topiramate tablets treatment may attenuate growth as reflected by slower height increase and weight gain in pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Discuss with the patient or caregiver that long-term topiramate tablets treatment may attenuate growth as reflected by slower height increase and weight gain in pediatric patients\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)].\n" }

Serious Skin Reactions Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider at the first appearance of skin rash [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)]. Hyperammonemia and Encephalopathy Warn patients about the possible development of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although hyperammonemia may be asymptomatic, clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic  encephalopathy  often  include  acute  alterations  in  level  of  consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. This hyperammonemia and encephalopathy can develop with topiramate treatment alone or with topiramate treatment with concomitant valproic acid (VPA). Instruct patients to contact their physician if they develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]. Kidney Stones Instruct patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to minimize the risk of kidney stone formation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)]. Instructions for a Missing Dose Instruct patients that if they miss a single dose of topiramate, it should be taken as soon as possible. However, if a patient is within 6 hours of taking the next scheduled dose, tell the patient to wait until then to take the usual dose of topiramate, and to skip the missed dose. Tell patients that they should not take a double dose in the event of a missed dose. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they have missed more than one dose.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSerious Skin Reactions\n Inform patients about the signs of serious skin reactions. Instruct patients to immediately inform their healthcare provider at the first appearance of skin rash\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].\n\n\nHyperammonemia and Encephalopathy \n \nWarn patients about the possible development of hyperammonemia with or without encephalopathy. Although hyperammonemia may be asymptomatic, clinical symptoms of hyperammonemic  encephalopathy  often  include  acute  alterations  in  level  of  consciousness and/or cognitive function with lethargy and/or vomiting. This hyperammonemia and encephalopathy can develop with topiramate treatment alone or with topiramate treatment with concomitant valproic acid (VPA). \n \n Instruct patients to contact their physician if they develop unexplained lethargy, vomiting, or changes in mental status\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)]. \n \n\n\n\nKidney Stones \n \nInstruct patients, particularly those with predisposing factors, to maintain an adequate fluid intake in order to minimize the risk of kidney stone formation\n \n [see Warnings and Precautions (5.13)]. \n \n\n\n\nInstructions for a Missing Dose \n \nInstruct patients that if they miss a single dose of topiramate, it should be taken as soon as possible. However, if a patient is within 6 hours of taking the next scheduled dose, tell the patient to wait until then to take the usual dose of topiramate, and to skip the missed dose. Tell patients that they should not take a double dose in the event of a missed dose. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider if they have missed more than one dose.\n\n " }

Repackaged By / Distributed By: RemedyRepack Inc.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Repackaged By / Distributed By: RemedyRepack Inc." }

625 Kolter Drive, Indiana, PA 15701

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "625 Kolter Drive, Indiana, PA 15701" }

(724) 465-8762

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "(724) 465-8762" }

<div class="scrollingtable"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="Botrule First First"> <td align="center" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <br/> <br/> <br/> <span class="Bold">MEDICATION GUIDE</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">Topiramate Tablets, USP</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">( toe pir' a mate)</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> What is the most important information I should know about topiramate tablet? <br/> <span class="Bold">Topiramate tablets may cause eye problems.</span>Serious eye problems include: <ul class="Disc"> <li>any sudden decrease in vision with or without eye pain and redness.</li> <li>a blockage of fluid in the eye causing increased pressure in the eye (secondary angle closure glaucoma).</li> <li>These eye problems can lead to permanent loss of vision if not treated.</li> <li>You should call your healthcare provider right away if you have any new eye symptoms, including any new problems with your vision.</li> </ul> <br/> Topiramate tablet may cause decreased sweating and increased body temperature (fever). People, especially children, should be watched for signs of decreased sweating and fever, especially in hot temperatures. Some people may need to be hospitalized for this condition. If a high fever, a fever that does not go away, or decreased sweating develops, call your healthcare provider right away. <br/> <span class="Bold">Topiramate tablet can increase the level of acid in your blood (metabolic acidosis).</span>If left untreated, metabolic acidosis can cause brittle or soft bones (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia), kidney stones, can slow the rate of growth in children, and may possibly harm your baby if you are pregnant. Metabolic acidosis can happen with or without symptoms. <br/> Sometimes people with metabolic acidosis will: <ul class="Disc"> <li>feel tired</li> <li>not feel hungry (loss of appetite)</li> <li>feel changes in heartbeat</li> <li>have trouble thinking clearly</li> </ul> <br/> Your healthcare provider should do a blood test to measure the level of acid in your blood before and during your treatment with topiramate tablets. If you are pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare provider about whether you have metabolic acidosis. <br/> Like other antiepileptic drugs, topiramate tablet may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500. <br/> Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you: <ul class="Disc"> <li>thoughts about suicide or dying </li> <li>attempts to commit suicide </li> <li>new or worse depression </li> <li>new or worse anxiety </li> <li>feeling agitated or restless </li> <li>panic attacks</li> <li>trouble sleeping (insomnia) </li> <li>new or worse irritability </li> <li>acting aggressive, being angry, or violent </li> <li>acting on dangerous impulses </li> <li>an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania) </li> <li>other unusual changes in behavior or mood</li> </ul> <br/> <span class="Bold">Do not stop topiramate tablets w</span><span class="Bold">ithout first talking to a healthcare provider.</span> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Stopping topiramate tablets suddenly can cause serious problems.</li> <li>Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.</li> </ul> <span class="Bold">How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?</span> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.</li> <li>Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.</li> <li>Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.</li> </ul> <span class="Bold">Topiramate can harm your unborn baby.</span> <ul class="Disc"> <li>If you take topiramate tablets during pregnancy, your baby has a higher risk for birth defects including cleft lip and cleft palate. These defects can begin early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant.</li> <li>Birth defects may happen even in children born to women who are not taking any medicines and do not have other risk factors.</li> <li>There may be other medicines to treat your condition that have a lower chance of birth defects.</li> <li>All women of childbearing age should talk to their healthcare providers about using other possible treatments instead of topiramate tablets. If the decision is made to use topiramate tablets, you should use effective birth control (contraception) unless you are planning to become pregnant. You should talk to your doctor about the best kind of birth control to use while you are taking topiramate tablets.</li> <li>Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking topiramate. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will continue to take topiramate tablets while you are pregnant.</li> <li>If you take topiramate during pregnancy, your baby may be smaller than expected at birth. The long-term effects of this are not known. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions about this risk during pregnancy.</li> <li>Metabolic acidosis may have harmful effects on your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if topiramate tablets have caused metabolic acidosis during your pregnancy.</li> <li>Pregnancy Registry: If you become pregnant while taking topiramate tablets, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of topiramate and other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.</li> </ul> <span class="Bold">Topiramate tablets may decrease the density of bones when used over a long period.</span> <br/> <span class="Bold">Topiramate tablets may slow height increase and weight gain in children and adolescents when used over a long period.</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"><span class="Bold">W</span><span class="Bold">hat is topiramate tablet?</span> <br/> Topiramate tablet is prescription medicine used: <ul class="Disc"> <li>to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures) in adults and children 2 years and older,</li> <li>with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in adults and children 2 years and older,</li> <li>to prevent migraine headaches in adults and adolescents 12 years and older.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">Before taking topiramate tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:</span> <ul class="Disc"> <li>have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior.</li> <li>have kidney problems, have kidney stones, or are getting kidney dialysis.</li> <li>have a history of metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood).</li> <li>have liver problems.</li> <li>have weak, brittle, or soft bones (osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or decreased bone density).</li> <li>have lung or breathing problems.</li> <li>have eye problems, especially glaucoma.</li> <li>have diarrhea.</li> <li>have a growth problem.</li> <li>are on a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, which is called a ketogenic diet.</li> <li>are having surgery.</li> <li>are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.</li> <li>are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Topiramate passes into breast milk. Breastfed babies may be sleepy or have diarrhea. It is not known if the topiramate that passes into breast milk can cause other serious harm to your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take topiramate tablets.</li> </ul> <br/> Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Topiramate and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects. <br/> Especially tell your healthcare provider if you take: <ul class="Disc"> <li>Valproic acid (such as DEPAKENE* or DEPAKOTE*).</li> <li>any medicines that impair or decrease your thinking, concentration, or muscle coordination.</li> <li>birth control that contains hormones (such as pills, implants, patches or injections). Topiramate tablets may make your birth control less effective. Tell your healthcare provider if your menstrual bleeding changes while you are using birth control and topiramate tablets.</li> </ul> <br/> Ask your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above. <br/> Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider. </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">How should I take topiramate tablets?</span> <ul class="Disc"> <li>Take topiramate tablets exactly as prescribed.</li> <li>Your healthcare provider may change your dose. Do not change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider.</li> <li>Take topiramate tablets whole. Do not chew the tablets. They may leave a bitter taste.</li> <li>Topiramate tablets can be taken before, during, or after a meal. Drink plenty of fluids during the day. This may help prevent kidney stones while taking topiramate tablets.</li> <li>If you take too many topiramate tablets, call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest emergency room.</li> <li>If you miss a single dose of topiramate tablets, take it as soon as you can. However, if you are within 6 hours of taking your next scheduled dose, wait until then to take your usual dose of topiramate tablets, and skip the missed dose. Do not double your dose. If you have missed more than one dose, you should call your healthcare provider for advice.</li> <li>Do not stop taking topiramate tablets without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping topiramate tablets suddenly may cause serious problems. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking topiramate tablets suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to stop taking topiramate tablets slowly.</li> <li>Your healthcare provider may do blood tests while you take topiramate tablets.</li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">What should I avoid while taking topiramate tablets?</span> <br/> • You should not drink alcohol while taking topiramate tablets. Topiramate tablets and alcohol can affect each other causing side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness. <br/> • Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how topiramate tablets affect you. Topiramate tablets can slow your thinking and motor skills, and may affect vision. </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td align="justify" class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">What are the possible side effects of topiramate tablet?</span> <br/> Topiramate tablets may cause serious side effects including: <br/> See “What is the most important information I should know about topiramate tablets?” <ul class="Disc"> <li> <span class="Bold">High blood ammonia levels.</span>High ammonia in the blood can affect your mental activities, slow your alertness, make you feel tired, or cause vomiting. This has happened when topiramate tablets are taken with a medicine called valproic acid (DEPAKENE* and DEPAKOTE*). </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Effects on thinking and alertness.</span>Topiramate tablets may affect how you think and cause confusion, problems with concentration, attention, memory, or speech. Topiramate tablets may cause depression or mood problems, tiredness, and sleepiness. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Dizziness or loss of muscle coordination.</span> </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Serious skin reactions.</span>Topiramate tablets may cause a severe rash with blisters and peeling skin, especially around the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Topiramate tablets may also cause a rash with blisters and peeling skin over much of the body that may cause death (toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop a skin rash or blisters. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Kidney stones.</span>Drink plenty of fluids when taking topiramate tablets to decrease your chances of getting kidney stones. </li> <li> <span class="Bold">Low body temperature.</span>Taking topiramate tablets when you are also taking valproic acid can cause a drop in body temperature to less than 95°F, or can cause tiredness, confusion, or coma. </li> </ul> <br/> Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms above. <br/> The most common side effects of topiramate tablet include: <br/> <ul class="Disc"> <li>tingling of the arms and legs (paresthesia) </li> <li>not feeling hungry </li> <li>nausea </li> <li>a change in the way foods taste </li> <li>diarrhea </li> <li>weight loss</li> <li>nervousness </li> <li>upper respiratory tract infection </li> <li>speech problems </li> <li>tiredness </li> <li>dizziness </li> <li>sleepiness/drowsiness</li> <li>slow reactions </li> <li>difficulty with memory </li> <li>pain in the abdomen </li> <li>fever </li> <li>abnormal vision </li> <li>decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin</li> </ul> Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. <br/> These are not all the possible side effects of topiramate tablet. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. <br/> You may also report side effects to Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc. at 1-800-818-4555. </td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">How should I store topiramate tablets?</span> <br/> • Store topiramate tablets at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). <br/> • Keep topiramate tablets in a tightly closed container. <br/> • Keep topiramate tablets dry and away from moisture. <br/> • Topiramate tablets comes in a child-resistant package. <br/> <br/> <span class="Bold">Keep topiramate tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children.</span></td> </tr> <tr class="Botrule"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">General information about the safe and effective use of topiramate tablets.</span> <br/> Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use topiramate tablet for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give topiramate tablet to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about topiramate tablets that is written for health professionals. </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <br/> <span class="Bold">What are the ingredients in topiramate tablets? </span> <br/> <span class="Bold">Active ingredient:</span>topiramate <br/> <span class="Bold">Inactive ingredients: </span> <br/> Anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized maize starch, sodium starch glycolate type A potato, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol and talc. <br/> <br/> In addition, individual tablets contain: <br/> 50 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow <br/> 100 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow, and D&amp;C Yellow # 10 Aluminum Lake <br/> 200 mg tablets: iron oxide red, lecithin (soya), and iron oxide black <br/> <br/> For more information, call 1-800-818-4555 <br/> <br/> * All trademark names are the property of their respective owners. <br/> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

{ "type": "table", "children": [], "text": "<div class=\"scrollingtable\"><table cellpadding=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\">\n<tbody class=\"Headless\">\n<tr class=\"Botrule First First\">\n<td align=\"center\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">MEDICATION GUIDE</span>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Topiramate Tablets, USP</span>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">( toe pir' a mate)</span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"justify\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n\t\t\tWhat is the most important information I should know about topiramate tablet? \n <br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Topiramate tablets may cause eye problems.</span>Serious eye problems include:\n\t\t\t\n <ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>any sudden decrease in vision with or without eye pain and redness.</li>\n<li>a blockage of fluid in the eye causing increased pressure in the eye (secondary angle closure glaucoma).</li>\n<li>These eye problems can lead to permanent loss of vision if not treated.</li>\n<li>You should call your healthcare provider right away if you have any new eye symptoms, including any new problems with your vision.</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tTopiramate tablet may cause decreased sweating and increased body temperature (fever). People, especially children, should be watched for signs of decreased sweating and fever, especially in hot temperatures. Some people may need to be hospitalized for this condition. If a high fever, a fever that does not go away, or decreased sweating develops, call your healthcare provider right away.\n <br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Topiramate tablet can increase the level of acid in your blood (metabolic acidosis).</span>If left untreated, metabolic acidosis can cause brittle or soft bones (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia), kidney stones, can slow the rate of growth in children, and may possibly harm your baby if you are pregnant. Metabolic acidosis can happen with or without symptoms.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tSometimes people with metabolic acidosis will:\n\t\t\t\n <ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>feel tired</li>\n<li>not feel hungry (loss of appetite)</li>\n<li>feel changes in heartbeat</li>\n<li>have trouble thinking clearly</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tYour healthcare provider should do a blood test to measure the level of acid in your blood before and during your treatment with topiramate tablets. If you are pregnant, you should talk to your healthcare provider about whether you have metabolic acidosis.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tLike other antiepileptic drugs, topiramate tablet may cause suicidal thoughts or actions in a very small number of people, about 1 in 500.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tCall a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:\n\t\t\t\n <ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>thoughts about suicide or dying </li>\n<li>attempts to commit suicide </li>\n<li>new or worse depression </li>\n<li>new or worse anxiety </li>\n<li>feeling agitated or restless </li>\n<li>panic attacks</li>\n<li>trouble sleeping (insomnia) </li>\n<li>new or worse irritability </li>\n<li>acting aggressive, being angry, or violent </li>\n<li>acting on dangerous impulses </li>\n<li>an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania) </li>\n<li>other unusual changes in behavior or mood</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Do not stop topiramate tablets w</span><span class=\"Bold\">ithout first talking to a healthcare provider.</span>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Stopping topiramate tablets suddenly can cause serious problems.</li>\n<li>Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes.</li>\n</ul>\n<span class=\"Bold\">How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?</span>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.</li>\n<li>Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled.</li>\n<li>Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.</li>\n</ul>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Topiramate can harm your unborn baby.</span>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>If you take topiramate tablets during pregnancy, your baby has a higher risk for birth defects including cleft lip and cleft palate. These defects can begin early in pregnancy, even before you know you are pregnant.</li>\n<li>Birth defects may happen even in children born to women who are not taking any medicines and do not have other risk factors.</li>\n<li>There may be other medicines to treat your condition that have a lower chance of birth defects.</li>\n<li>All women of childbearing age should talk to their healthcare providers about using other possible treatments instead of topiramate tablets. If the decision is made to use topiramate tablets, you should use effective birth control (contraception) unless you are planning to become pregnant. You should talk to your doctor about the best kind of birth control to use while you are taking topiramate tablets.</li>\n<li>Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking topiramate. You and your healthcare provider should decide if you will continue to take topiramate tablets while you are pregnant.</li>\n<li>If you take topiramate during pregnancy, your baby may be smaller than expected at birth. The long-term effects of this are not known. Talk to your healthcare provider if you have questions about this risk during pregnancy.</li>\n<li>Metabolic acidosis may have harmful effects on your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider if topiramate tablets have caused metabolic acidosis during your pregnancy.</li>\n<li>Pregnancy Registry: If you become pregnant while taking topiramate tablets, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of topiramate and other antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy.</li>\n</ul>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Topiramate tablets may decrease the density of bones when used over a long period.</span>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Topiramate tablets may slow height increase and weight gain in children and adolescents when used over a long period.</span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\"><span class=\"Bold\">W</span><span class=\"Bold\">hat is topiramate tablet?</span>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tTopiramate tablet is prescription medicine used:\n\t\t\t\n <ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures and primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures) in adults and children 2 years and older,</li>\n<li>with other medicines to treat certain types of seizures (partial-onset seizures, primary generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) in adults and children 2 years and older,</li>\n<li>to prevent migraine headaches in adults and adolescents 12 years and older.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Before taking topiramate tablets, tell your healthcare provider about all of your medical conditions, including if you:</span>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>have or have had depression, mood problems, or suicidal thoughts or behavior.</li>\n<li>have kidney problems, have kidney stones, or are getting kidney dialysis.</li>\n<li>have a history of metabolic acidosis (too much acid in the blood).</li>\n<li>have liver problems.</li>\n<li>have weak, brittle, or soft bones (osteomalacia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or decreased bone density).</li>\n<li>have lung or breathing problems.</li>\n<li>have eye problems, especially glaucoma.</li>\n<li>have diarrhea.</li>\n<li>have a growth problem.</li>\n<li>are on a diet high in fat and low in carbohydrates, which is called a ketogenic diet.</li>\n<li>are having surgery.</li>\n<li>are pregnant or plan to become pregnant.</li>\n<li>are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. Topiramate passes into breast milk. Breastfed babies may be sleepy or have diarrhea. It is not known if the topiramate that passes into breast milk can cause other serious harm to your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take topiramate tablets.</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tTell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Topiramate and other medicines may affect each other causing side effects.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tEspecially tell your healthcare provider if you take:\n\t\t\t\n <ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Valproic acid (such as DEPAKENE* or DEPAKOTE*).</li>\n<li>any medicines that impair or decrease your thinking, concentration, or muscle coordination.</li>\n<li>birth control that contains hormones (such as pills, implants, patches or injections). Topiramate tablets may make your birth control less effective. Tell your healthcare provider if your menstrual bleeding changes while you are using birth control and topiramate tablets.</li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tAsk your healthcare provider if you are not sure if your medicine is listed above.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tKnow the medicines you take. Keep a list of them to show your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. Do not start a new medicine without talking with your healthcare provider.\n </td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I take topiramate tablets?</span>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>Take topiramate tablets exactly as prescribed.</li>\n<li>Your healthcare provider may change your dose. Do not change your dose without talking to your healthcare provider.</li>\n<li>Take topiramate tablets whole. Do not chew the tablets. They may leave a bitter taste.</li>\n<li>Topiramate tablets can be taken before, during, or after a meal. Drink plenty of fluids during the day. This may help prevent kidney stones while taking topiramate tablets.</li>\n<li>If you take too many topiramate tablets, call your healthcare provider right away or go to the nearest emergency room.</li>\n<li>If you miss a single dose of topiramate tablets, take it as soon as you can. However, if you are within 6 hours of taking your next scheduled dose, wait until then to take your usual dose of topiramate tablets, and skip the missed dose. Do not double your dose. If you have missed more than one dose, you should call your healthcare provider for advice.</li>\n<li>Do not stop taking topiramate tablets without talking to your healthcare provider. Stopping topiramate tablets suddenly may cause serious problems. If you have epilepsy and you stop taking topiramate tablets suddenly, you may have seizures that do not stop. Your healthcare provider will tell you how to stop taking topiramate tablets slowly.</li>\n<li>Your healthcare provider may do blood tests while you take topiramate tablets.</li>\n</ul>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">What should I avoid while taking topiramate tablets?</span>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t• You should not drink alcohol while taking topiramate tablets. Topiramate tablets and alcohol can affect each other causing side effects such as sleepiness and dizziness.\n <br/>\n\t\t\t• Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how topiramate tablets affect you. Topiramate tablets can slow your thinking and motor skills, and may affect vision.\n </td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td align=\"justify\" class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the possible side effects of topiramate tablet?</span>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tTopiramate tablets may cause serious side effects including:\n <br/>\n\t\t\tSee “What is the most important information I should know about topiramate tablets?”\n\t\t\t\n <ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">High blood ammonia levels.</span>High ammonia in the blood can affect your mental activities, slow your alertness, make you feel tired, or cause vomiting. This has happened when topiramate tablets are taken with a medicine called valproic acid (DEPAKENE* and DEPAKOTE*).\n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Effects on thinking and alertness.</span>Topiramate tablets may affect how you think and cause confusion, problems with concentration, attention, memory, or speech. Topiramate tablets may cause depression or mood problems, tiredness, and sleepiness. \n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Dizziness or loss of muscle coordination.</span>\n</li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Serious skin reactions.</span>Topiramate tablets may cause a severe rash with blisters and peeling skin, especially around the mouth, nose, eyes, and genitals (Stevens-Johnson syndrome). Topiramate tablets may also cause a rash with blisters and peeling skin over much of the body that may cause death (toxic epidermal necrolysis). Call your healthcare provider right away if you develop a skin rash or blisters.\n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Kidney stones.</span>Drink plenty of fluids when taking topiramate tablets to decrease your chances of getting kidney stones.\n </li>\n<li>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Low body temperature.</span>Taking topiramate tablets when you are also taking valproic acid can cause a drop in body temperature to less than 95°F, or can cause tiredness, confusion, or coma.\n </li>\n</ul>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tCall your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms above.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tThe most common side effects of topiramate tablet include:\n <br/>\n<ul class=\"Disc\">\n<li>tingling of the arms and legs (paresthesia) </li>\n<li>not feeling hungry </li>\n<li>nausea </li>\n<li>a change in the way foods taste </li>\n<li>diarrhea </li>\n<li>weight loss</li>\n<li>nervousness </li>\n<li>upper respiratory tract infection </li>\n<li>speech problems </li>\n<li>tiredness </li>\n<li>dizziness </li>\n<li>sleepiness/drowsiness</li>\n<li>slow reactions </li>\n<li>difficulty with memory </li>\n<li>pain in the abdomen </li>\n<li>fever </li>\n<li>abnormal vision </li>\n<li>decreased feeling or sensitivity, especially in the skin</li>\n</ul>\n\t\t\tTell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tThese are not all the possible side effects of topiramate tablet. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.\n <br/>\n\t\t\tYou may also report side effects to Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc. at 1-800-818-4555.\n </td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">How should I store topiramate tablets?</span>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t• Store topiramate tablets at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted to 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).\n <br/>\n\t\t\t• Keep topiramate tablets in a tightly closed container. \n <br/>\n\t\t\t• Keep topiramate tablets dry and away from moisture. \n <br/>\n\t\t\t• Topiramate tablets comes in a child-resistant package.\n <br/>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Keep topiramate tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children.</span></td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Botrule\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">General information about the safe and effective use of topiramate tablets.</span>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tMedicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use topiramate tablet for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give topiramate tablet to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about topiramate tablets that is written for health professionals.\n </td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Last\">\n<td class=\"Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">What are the ingredients in topiramate tablets? </span>\n<br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Active ingredient:</span>topiramate \n <br/>\n<span class=\"Bold\">Inactive ingredients: </span>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tAnhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized maize starch, sodium starch glycolate type A potato, magnesium stearate, polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, polyethylene glycol and talc.\n <br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tIn addition, individual tablets contain: \n <br/>\n\t\t\t50 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow\n <br/>\n\t\t\t100 mg tablets: iron oxide yellow, and D&amp;C Yellow # 10 Aluminum Lake\n <br/>\n\t\t\t200 mg tablets: iron oxide red, lecithin (soya), and iron oxide black\n <br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\tFor more information, call 1-800-818-4555\n <br/>\n<br/>\n\t\t\t* All trademark names are the property of their respective owners.\n <br/>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table></div>" }

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

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Repackaged By / Distributed By: RemedyRepack Inc.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Repackaged By / Distributed By: RemedyRepack Inc." }

625 Kolter Drive, Indiana, PA 15701

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(724) 465-8762

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DRUG: Topiramate

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "DRUG: Topiramate" }

GENERIC: Topiramate

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "GENERIC: Topiramate" }

DOSAGE: TABLET, FILM COATED

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "DOSAGE: TABLET, FILM COATED" }

ADMINSTRATION: ORAL

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "ADMINSTRATION: ORAL" }

NDC: 70518-1503-0

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-0" }

NDC: 70518-1503-1

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-1" }

NDC: 70518-1503-2

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-2" }

NDC: 70518-1503-3

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC: 70518-1503-3" }

COLOR: white

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "COLOR: white" }

SHAPE: ROUND

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "SHAPE: ROUND" }

SCORE: No score

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "SCORE: No score" }

SIZE: 6 mm

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "SIZE: 6 mm" }

IMPRINT: S;707

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "IMPRINT: S;707" }

PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BLISTER PACK

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BLISTER PACK" }

PACKAGING: 90 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 90 in 1 BOTTLE, PLASTIC" }

PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BOX

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 30 in 1 BOX" }

PACKAGING: 1 in 1 POUCH

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "PACKAGING: 1 in 1 POUCH" }

ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S):

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "ACTIVE INGREDIENT(S):" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "TOPIRAMATE 25mg in 1" ], "text": "" }

INACTIVE INGREDIENT(S):

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "INACTIVE INGREDIENT(S):" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "ANHYDROUS LACTOSE", "MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE", "STARCH, CORN", "SODIUM STARCH GLYCOLATE TYPE A POTATO", "MAGNESIUM STEARATE", "POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, UNSPECIFIED", "TITANIUM DIOXIDE", "POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL, UNSPECIFIED", "TALC" ], "text": "" }