Rufinamide is indicated for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older and in adults.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide is indicated for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older and in adults." }

Pediatric Patients (1 Year to Less than 17 Years): The recommended starting daily dose of rufinamide in pediatric patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is approximately 10 mg/kg administered in two equally divided doses. The dose should be increased by approximately 10 mg/kg increments every other day until a maximum daily dose of 45 mg/kg, not to exceed 3200 mg, administered in two equally divided doses, is reached. It is not known whether doses lower than the target doses are effective.

Adults (17 Years and Older): The recommended starting daily dose of rufinamide in adults with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 400 to 800 mg per day administered in two equally divided doses. The dose should be increased by 400 to 800 mg every other day until a maximum daily dose of 3200 mg, administered in two equally divided doses, is reached. It is not known whether doses lower than 3200 mg are effective.

Administer rufinamide with food.

Rufinamide oral suspension should be shaken well before every administration.

Hemodialysis may reduce exposure to a limited (about 30%) extent. Accordingly, adjusting the rufinamide dose during the dialysis process should be considered [seeClinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Use of rufinamide in patients with hepatic impairment has not been studied. Therefore, use in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. Caution should be exercised in treating patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment [seeUse in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Patients taking valproate should begin rufinamide at a dose lower than 10 mg/kg per day in pediatric patients or 400 mg per day adults [seeDrug Interactions (7.2)].

Oral Suspension: 40 mg/mL.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Oral Suspension: 40 mg/mL." }

Rufinamide is contraindicated in patients with Familial Short QT syndrome [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.3)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide is contraindicated in patients with Familial Short QT syndrome \n [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.3)].\n " }

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including rufinamide, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono- and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as one week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5 to 100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed. Table 1 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 1: Absolute and Relative Risk of Suicidal Behavior and Ideation</span> </caption> <col width="13%"/> <col width="19%"/> <col width="19%"/> <col width="24%"/> <col width="25%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Indication</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Relative Risk: Incidence of Events in Drug Patients/Incidence in Placebo Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Risk Difference: Additional Drug Patients with Events Per 1000 Patients</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Epilepsy</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychiatric</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">8.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Other</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0.9</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Total</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing rufinamide or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Use of rufinamide has been associated with central nervous system-related adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial of patients 4 years or older with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. The most significant of these can be classified into two general categories: 1) somnolence or fatigue, and 2) coordination abnormalities, dizziness, gait disturbances, and ataxia.

Somnolence was reported in 24% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 13% of patients on placebo, and led to study discontinuation in 3% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 0% of patients on placebo. Fatigue was reported in 10% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 8% of patients on placebo patients. It led to study discontinuation in 1% of rufinamide-treated patients and 0% of patients on placebo patients.

Dizziness was reported in 2.7% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 0% of patients on placebo, and did not lead to study discontinuation.

Ataxia and gait disturbance were reported in 5.4% and 1.4% of rufinamide-treated patients, respectively, compared to no patient on placebo. None of these reactions led to study discontinuation.

Accordingly, patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on rufinamide to gauge whether it adversely affects their ability to drive or operate machinery.

Formal cardiac ECG studies demonstrated shortening of the QT interval (mean=20 msec, for doses ≥2400 mg twice daily) with rufinamide. In a placebo-controlled study of the QT interval, a higher percentage of rufinamide-treated subjects (46% at 2400 mg, 46% at 3200 mg, and 65% at 4800 mg) had a QT shortening of greater than 20 msec at T max compared to placebo (5 to 10%).

Reductions of the QT interval below 300 msec were not observed in the formal QT studies with doses up to 7200 mg per day. Moreover, there was no signal for drug-induced sudden death or ventricular arrhythmias.

The degree of QT shortening induced by rufinamide is without any known clinical risk. Familial Short QT syndrome is associated with an increased risk of sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation. Such events in this syndrome are believed to occur primarily when the corrected QT interval falls below 300 msec. Non-clinical data also indicate that QT shortening is associated with ventricular fibrillation.

Patients with Familial Short QT syndrome should not be treated with rufinamide. Caution should be used when administering rufinamide with other drugs that shorten the QT interval [seeContraindications (4)].

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as multi-organ hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, including rufinamide. DRESS may be fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy, and/or facial swelling, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis, sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever or lymphadenopathy, may be present even though rash is not evident. Because this disorder is variable in its expression, other organ systems not noted here may be involved.

All cases of DRESS identified in clinical trials with rufinamide occurred in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age, occurred within 4 weeks of treatment initiation, and resolved or improved with rufinamide discontinuation. DRESS has also been reported in adult and pediatric patients taking rufinamide in the postmarketing setting.

If DRESS is suspected, the patient should be evaluated immediately, rufinamide should be discontinued, and alternative treatment should be started.

As with all antiepileptic drugs, rufinamide should be withdrawn gradually to minimize the risk of precipitating seizures, seizure exacerbation, or status epilepticus. If abrupt discontinuation of the drug is medically necessary, the transition to another AED should be made under close medical supervision. In clinical trials, rufinamide discontinuation was achieved by reducing the dose by approximately 25% every two days.

Estimates of the incidence of treatment emergent status epilepticus among patients treated with rufinamide are difficult because standard definitions were not employed. In a controlled Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome trial, 3 of 74 (4.1%) rufinamide-treated patients had episodes that could be described as status epilepticus in the rufinamide-treated patients compared with none of the 64 patients in the placebo-treated patients. In all controlled trials that included patients with different epilepsies, 11 of 1240 (0.9%) rufinamide-treated patients had episodes that could be described as status epilepticus compared with none of 635 patients in the placebo-treated patients.

Rufinamide has been shown to reduce white cell count. Leukopenia (white cell count <3X10 9 L) was more commonly observed in rufinamide-treated patients 43 of 1171 (3.7%) than placebo-treated patients, 7 of 579 (1.2%) in all controlled trials.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

Adverse Reactions in Adult and Pediatric Patients Ages 3 to 17 Years of Age: In the pooled, double-blind, adjunctive therapy studies in adult and pediatric patients ages 3 to 17 years of age, the most common (≥10%) adverse reactions in rufinamide-treated patients, in all doses studied (200 to 3200 mg per day) with a higher frequency than in patients on placebo were: headache, dizziness, fatigue, somnolence, and nausea.

Table 2 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of pediatric patients (ages 3 to less than 17 years) with epilepsy treated with rufinamide in controlled adjunctive studies and were numerically more common in patients treated with rufinamide than in patients on placebo.

At the target dose of 45 mg/kg per day for adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients (ages 3 to less than 17 years), the most common (≥3%) adverse reactions with an incidence greater than in placebo for rufinamide were somnolence, vomiting, and headache.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 2: Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients (Ages 3 to less than 17 years) in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="39%"/> <col width="31%"/> <col width="30%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=187)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=182)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">17</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">16</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Influenza</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nasopharyngitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decreased Appetite</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Rash</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Diplopia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Bronchitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Sinusitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychomotor Hyperactivity</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper Abdominal Pain</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Aggression</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ear Infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Disturbance in Attention</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pruritis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Table 3 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of adult patients with epilepsy treated with rufinamide (up to 3200 mg per day) in adjunctive controlled studies and were numerically more common in patients treated with rufinamide than in patients on placebo. In these studies, either rufinamide or placebo was added to the current AED therapy.

At all doses studied of up to 3200 mg per day given as adjunctive therapy in adults, the most common (≥3%) adverse reactions, and with the greatest increase in incidence compared to placebo, for rufinamide were dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diplopia, vision blurred, and ataxia.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 3: Adverse Reactions in Adults in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="39%"/> <col width="30%"/> <col width="30%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=823)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=376)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">27</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">26</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">19</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">12</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">16</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Diplopia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Tremor</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nystagmus</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Blurred Vision</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper Abdominal Pain</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Anxiety</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Constipation</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dyspepsia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Back Pain</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Gait Disturbance</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vertigo</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Discontinuation in Controlled Clinical Studies: In controlled, double-blind, adjunctive clinical studies, 9% of pediatric and adult patients receiving rufinamide as adjunctive therapy and 4% receiving placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation of rufinamide (>1%) used as adjunctive therapy were generally similar in adults and pediatric patients.

In pediatric patients (ages 4 to less than 17 years) double-blind adjunctive clinical studies, 8% of patients receiving rufinamide as adjunctive therapy (at the recommended dose of 45 mg/kg per day) and 2% receiving placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation of rufinamide (>1%) used as adjunctive therapy are presented in Table 4.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 4: Most Common Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in Pediatric Patients (Ages 4 to less than 17 years) in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="39%"/> <col width="36%"/> <col width="25%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=187)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=182)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Convulsion</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Rash</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In adult double-blind, adjunctive clinical studies, 10% of patients receiving rufinamide as adjunctive therapy (at doses up to 3200 mg per day) and 6% receiving placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation of rufinamide (>1%) used as adjunctive therapy are presented in Table 5.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 5: Most Common Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in Adult Patients in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="39%"/> <col width="36%"/> <col width="25%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=823)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N=376)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Pediatric Patients Ages 1 to Less than 4 years:In a multicenter, parallel group, open-label study comparing rufinamide (45 mg/kg per day) adjunctive treatment (n=25) to the adjunctive treatment with an AED of the investigator’s choice (n=11) in pediatric patients (1 year to less than 4 years of age) with inadequately controlled Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, the adverse reaction profile was generally similar to that observed in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age and older treated with rufinamide. Adverse reactions that occurred in at least 2 (8%) rufinamide-treated patients and with a higher frequency than in the AED comparator group were: vomiting (24%), somnolence (16%), bronchitis (12%), constipation (12%), cough (12%), decreased appetite (12%), rash (12%), otitis media (8%), pneumonia (8%), decreased weight (8%), gastroenteritis (8%), nasal congestion (8%), and pneumonia aspiration (8%).

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During Clinical Trials: Rufinamide has been administered to 1978 individuals during all epilepsy clinical trials (placebo-controlled and open-label). Adverse reactions occurring during these studies were recorded by the investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of patients having adverse reactions, these events were grouped into standardized categories using the MedDRA dictionary. Adverse events occurring at least three times and considered possibly related to treatment are included in the System Organ Class listings below. Terms not included in the listings are those already included in the tables above, those too general to be informative, those related to procedures, and terms describing events common in the population. Some events occurring fewer than 3 times are also included based on their medical significance. Because the reports include events observed in open-label, uncontrolled observations, the role of rufinamide in their causation cannot be reliably determined.

Events are classified by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency as follows: frequent adverse events –those occurring in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent adverse events –those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients; rare-those occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients.

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Frequent:anemia. Infrequent: lymphadenopathy, leukopenia, neutropenia, iron deficiency anemia, thrombocytopenia.

Cardiac Disorders: Infrequent: bundle branch block right, atrioventricular block first degree.

Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: Frequent:decreased appetite, increased appetite.

Renal and Urinary Disorders: Frequent: pollakiuria. Infrequent:urinary incontinence, dysuria, hematuria, nephrolithiasis, polyuria, enuresis, nocturia, incontinence.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of rufinamide. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and other serious skin rashes with mucosal involvement.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of average concentration at steady state of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, and valproate showed that typical rufinamide C avss levels had little effect on the pharmacokinetics of other AEDs. Any effects, when they occur, have been more marked in the pediatric population.

Table 6 summarizes the drug-drug interactions of rufinamide with other AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 6: Summary of Drug-Drug Interactions of Rufinamide with Other Antiepileptic Drugs</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="29%"/> <col width="24%"/> <col width="47%"/> </colgroup> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-1" name="footnote-1">*</a> </dt> <dd>Predictions are based on rufinamide concentrations at the maximum recommended dose of rufinamide.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-2" name="footnote-2">†</a> </dt> <dd>Maximum changes predicted to be in pediatric patients and in adult patients who achieve significantly higher levels of rufinamide, as the effect of rufinamide on these AEDs is concentration-dependent.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-3" name="footnote-3">‡</a> </dt> <dd>Larger effects in pediatric patients at high doses/concentrations of AEDs.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-4" name="footnote-4">§</a> </dt> <dd>Phenobarbital, primidone and phenytoin were treated as a single covariate (phenobarbital-type inducers) to examine the effect of these agents on rufinamide clearance.</dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-5" name="footnote-5">¶</a> </dt> <dd>All compounds of the benzodiazepine class were pooled to examine for 'class effect' on rufinamide clearance. </dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">AED Co-administered</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Influence of Rufinamide on AED concentration</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-1" name="footnote-reference-1">*</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Influence of AED on Rufinamide Concentration</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Carbamazepine</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 7 to 13% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2" name="footnote-reference-2">†</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 19 to 26%</p> <p>Dependent on dose of carbamazepine</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Lamotrigine</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 7 to 13% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2">†</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Phenobarbital</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Increase by 8 to 13% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2">†</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 25 to 46% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3" name="footnote-reference-3">‡</a>, <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4" name="footnote-reference-4">§</a> </p> <p>Independent of dose or concentration of phenobarbital</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Phenytoin</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Increase by 7 to 21% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2">†</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 25 to 46% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3">‡</a>, <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4">§</a> </p> <p>Independent of dose or concentration of phenytoin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Topiramate</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Valproate</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Increase by &lt;16 to 70% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3">‡</a> </p> <p>Dependent on concentration of valproate</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Primidone</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Not Investigated</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 25 to 46% <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3">‡</a>, <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4">§</a> </p> <p>Independent of dose or concentration of primidone</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Benzodiazepines <a class="Sup" href="#footnote-5" name="footnote-reference-5">¶</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Not Investigated</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Phenytoin: The decrease in clearance of phenytoin estimated at typical levels of rufinamide (C avss15 mcg/mL) is predicted to increase plasma levels of phenytoin by 7 to 21%. As phenytoin is known to have non-linear pharmacokinetics (clearance becomes saturated at higher doses), it is possible that exposure will be greater than the model prediction.

Potent cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, and phenobarbital, appear to increase the clearance of rufinamide (see Table 6). Given that the majority of clearance of rufinamide is via a non-CYP-dependent route, the observed decreases in blood levels seen with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone are unlikely to be entirely attributable to induction of a P450 enzyme. Other factors explaining this interaction are not understood. Any effects, where they occurred, were likely to be more marked in the pediatric population.

Valproate: Patients stabilized on rufinamide before being prescribed valproate should begin valproate therapy at a low dose, and titrate to a clinically effective dose. Similarly, patients on valproate should begin at a rufinamide dose lower than 10 mg/kg per day (pediatric patients) or 400 mg per day (adults) [seeDosage and Administration (2.5),Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Female patients of childbearing age should be warned that the concurrent use of rufinamide with hormonal contraceptives may render this method of contraception less effective. Additional non-hormonal forms of contraception are recommended when using rufinamide [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Patient Counseling Information (17)].

Pregnancy Exposure Registry: There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to AEDs, such as rufinamide, during pregnancy. Encourage women who are taking rufinamide during pregnancy to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry by calling 1-888-233-2334 or visiting http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org.

Risk Summary: There are no adequate data on the developmental risks associated with use of rufinamide in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of rufinamide resulted in developmental toxicity in pregnant rats and rabbits at clinically relevant doses [see Data].

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

Data:Animal data:Oral administration of rufinamide (0, 20, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis resulted in decreased fetal weight and increased incidence of fetal skeletal abnormalities at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day, which were associated with maternal toxicity. The maternal plasma exposure (AUC) at the no-adverse effect dose (20 mg/kg/day) for developmental toxicity was less than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 3200 mg/day.

Oral administration of rufinamide (0, 30, 200, or 1000 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rabbits throughout organogenesis resulted in embryofetal death, decreased fetal body weight, and increased incidence of fetal visceral and skeletal abnormalities at doses of 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The high dose (1000 mg/kg/day) was associated with abortion. Plasma exposure (AUC) at the no-adverse effect dose (30 mg/kg/day) was less than that in humans at the MRHD.

When rufinamide was orally administered (0, 5, 30, or 150 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout pregnancy and lactation, decreased offspring growth and survival were observed at all doses tested. A no-effect dose for adverse effects on pre- and postnatal development was not established. At the lowest dose tested (5 mg/kg/day), plasma exposure (AUC) was less than that in humans at the MRHD.

Risk Summary: There are no data on the presence of rufinamide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on milk production.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for rufinamide and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from rufinamide or from the underlying maternal condition.

Contraception: Use of rufinamide may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol or norethindrone. Advise women of reproductive potential taking rufinamide who are using a contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone to use an additional non-hormonal form of contraception [seeDrug Interactions (7.3)andClinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Infertility: The effect of rufinamide on fertility in humans has not been established. Oral administration of rufinamide (20, 60, 200, and 600 mg/kg/day) to male and female rats prior to mating, during mating, and during early gestation (females only) resulted in the impairment of fertility at all dose levels tested. The no-effect dose was not established. The plasma exposure level at 20 mg/kg was approximately 0.2 times the human plasma AUC at the MRHD [seeNonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age. The effectiveness of rufinamide in pediatric patients 4 years of age and older was based upon an adequate and well-controlled trial of rufinamide that included both adults and pediatric patients, 4 years of age and older, with Lennox Gastaut Syndrome. The effectiveness in patients 1 to less than 4 years was based upon a bridging pharmacokinetic and safety study [seeDosage and Administration (2.1),Adverse Reactions (6.1), andClinical Studies (14)].The pharmacokinetics of rufinamide in the pediatric patients, ages 1 to less than 4 years of age is similar to children older than 4 years of age and adults [seeClinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 1 year has not been established.

Oral administration of rufinamide (0, 15, 50, or 150 mg/kg) to young rats for 10 weeks starting on postnatal day 7 resulted in decreased brain weights at the mid and high doses and neurobehavioral impairment (learning and memory deficit, altered startle response, decreased locomotor activity) and decreased growth (decreased body weight) at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for adverse effects on postnatal development in rats (15 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma exposure (AUC) lower than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 3200 mg/day.

Clinical studies of rufinamide did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Pharmacokinetics of rufinamide in the elderly are similar to that in the young subjects [seeClinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Rufinamide pharmacokinetics in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL/min) was similar to that of healthy subjects. Dose adjustment in patients undergoing dialysis should be considered [seeClinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Use of rufinamide in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 10 to 15) is not recommended. Caution should be exercised in treating patients with mild (Child-Pugh score 5 to 6) to moderate (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9) hepatic impairment.

Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a Certified Poison Control Center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a Certified Poison Control Center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug." }

One overdose of 7200 mg per day rufinamide was reported in an adult during the clinical trials. The overdose was associated with no major signs or symptoms, no medical intervention was required, and the patient continued in the study at the target dose.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "One overdose of 7200 mg per day rufinamide was reported in an adult during the clinical trials. The overdose was associated with no major signs or symptoms, no medical intervention was required, and the patient continued in the study at the target dose." }

Treatment or Management of Overdose: There is no specific antidote for overdose with rufinamide. If clinically indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be attempted by induction of emesis or gastric lavage. Usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nTreatment or Management of Overdose: There is no specific antidote for overdose with rufinamide. If clinically indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be attempted by induction of emesis or gastric lavage. Usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient.\n " }

Hemodialysis:Standard hemodialysis procedures may result in limited clearance of rufinamide. Although there is no experience to date in treating overdose with hemodialysis, the procedure may be considered when indicated by the patient's clinical state.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHemodialysis:Standard hemodialysis procedures may result in limited clearance of rufinamide. Although there is no experience to date in treating overdose with hemodialysis, the procedure may be considered when indicated by the patient's clinical state.\n " }

Rufinamide is a triazole derivative structurally unrelated to currently marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Rufinamide has the chemical name 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1 H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxamide. It has an empirical formula of C 10H 8F 2N 4O and a molecular weight of 238.20. The drug substance is a white crystalline powder. Rufinamide is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran and in methanol, and very slightly soluble in ethanol and in acetonitrile.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide is a triazole derivative structurally unrelated to currently marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Rufinamide has the chemical name 1-[(2,6-difluorophenyl)methyl]-1 \n H-1,2,3-triazole-4 carboxamide. It has an empirical formula of C\n 10H\n 8F\n 2N\n 4O and a molecular weight of 238.20. The drug substance is a white crystalline powder. Rufinamide is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran and in methanol, and very slightly soluble in ethanol and in acetonitrile.\n " }

Rufinamide Oral Suspension is available for oral administration as a liquid containing rufinamide, USP at a concentration of 40 mg/mL. Inactive ingredients include: anhydrous citric acid, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poloxamer, potassium sorbate, propylene glycol, propylparaben, purified water, simethicone emulsion, sodium hydroxide, sorbitol solution and orange flavoring.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide Oral Suspension is available for oral administration as a liquid containing rufinamide, USP at a concentration of 40 mg/mL. Inactive ingredients include: anhydrous citric acid, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poloxamer, potassium sorbate, propylene glycol, propylparaben, purified water, simethicone emulsion, sodium hydroxide, sorbitol solution and orange flavoring." }

The precise mechanism(s) by which rufinamide exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown.

The results of in vitro studies suggest that the principal mechanism of action of rufinamide is modulation of the activity of sodium channels and, in particular, prolongation of the inactive state of the channel. Rufinamide (≥1 mcM) significantly slowed sodium channel recovery from inactivation after a prolonged prepulse in cultured cortical neurons, and limited sustained repetitive firing of sodium-dependent action potentials (EC 50 of 3.8 mcM).

Overview: Rufinamide oral suspension is bioequivalent on a mg per mg basis to rufinamide tablets. Rufinamide is well absorbed after oral administration. However, the rate of absorption is relatively slow and the extent of absorption is decreased as dose is increased. The pharmacokinetics does not change with multiple dosing. Most elimination of rufinamide is via metabolism, with the primary metabolite resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of the carboxamide moiety to form the carboxylic acid. This metabolic route is not cytochrome P450 dependent. There are no known active metabolites. Plasma half-life of rufinamide is approximately 6 to 10 hours.

Absorption and Distribution: Following oral administration of rufinamide, peak plasma concentrations occur between 4 and 6 hours (T max) both under fed and fasted conditions. Rufinamide tablets display decreasing bioavailability with increasing dose after single and multiple dose administration. Based on urinary excretion, the extent of absorption was at least 85% following oral administration of a single dose of 600 mg rufinamide tablet under fed conditions.

Multiple dose pharmacokinetics can be predicted from single dose data for both rufinamide and its metabolite. Given the dosing frequency of every 12 hours and the half-life of 6 to 10 hours, the observed steady-state peak concentration of about two to three times the peak concentration after a single dose is expected.

Food increased the extent of absorption of rufinamide in healthy volunteers by 34% and increased peak exposure by 56% after a single dose of 400 mg tablet, although the T max was not elevated [seeDosage and Administration (2.2)].

Only a small fraction of rufinamide (34%) is bound to human serum proteins, predominantly to albumin (27%), giving little risk of displacement drug-drug interactions. Rufinamide was evenly distributed between erythrocytes and plasma. The apparent volume of distribution is dependent upon dose and varies with body surface area. The apparent volume of distribution was about 50 L at 3200 mg per day.

Metabolism: Rufinamide is extensively metabolized but has no active metabolites. Following a radiolabeled dose of rufinamide, less than 2% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. The primary biotransformation pathway is carboxylesterase(s) mediated hydrolysis of the carboxamide group to the acid derivative CGP 47292. A few minor additional metabolites were detected in urine, which appeared to be acyl-glucuronides of CGP 47292. There is no involvement of oxidizing cytochrome P450 enzymes or glutathione in the biotransformation process.

Rufinamide is a weak inhibitor of CYP 2E1. It did not show significant inhibition of other CYP enzymes. Rufinamide is a weak inducer of CYP 3A4 enzymes.

Rufinamide did not show any significant inhibition of P-glycoprotein in an in vitro study.

Elimination/Excretion: Renal excretion is the predominant route of elimination for drug related material, accounting for 85% of the dose based on a radiolabeled study. Of the metabolites identified in urine, at least 66% of the rufinamide dose was excreted as the acid metabolite CGP 47292, with 2% of the dose excreted as rufinamide.

The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 6 to 10 hours in healthy subjects and patients with epilepsy.

Special Populations:Age:

Sex: Population pharmacokinetic analyses of females show a 6 to 14% lower apparent clearance of rufinamide compared to males. This effect is not clinically important.

Race: In a population pharmacokinetic analysis of clinical studies, no difference in clearance or volume of distribution of rufinamide was observed between the black and Caucasian subjects, after controlling for body size. Information on other races could not be obtained because of smaller numbers of these subjects.

Renal Impairment: Rufinamide pharmacokinetics in 9 patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <30 mL per min) was similar to that of healthy subjects. Patients undergoing dialysis 3 hours post rufinamide dosing showed a reduction in AUC and C max by 29% and 16%, respectively.

Drug Interactions: Based on in vitro studies, rufinamide shows little or no inhibition of most cytochrome P450 enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations, with weak inhibition of CYP 2E1. Drugs that are substrates of CYP 2E1 (e.g., chlorzoxazone) may have increased plasma levels in the presence of rufinamide, but this has not been studied.

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, rufinamide clearance was decreased by valproate. In pediatric patients, valproate administration may lead to elevated levels of rufinamide by up to 70% [seeDrug Interactions (7.2)].

Based on in vivo drug interaction studies with triazolam and oral contraceptives, rufinamide is a weak inducer of the CYP 3A4 enzyme and can decrease exposure of drugs that are substrates of CYP 3A4.

Rufinamide is metabolized by carboxylesterases. Drugs that may induce the activity of carboxylesterases may increase the clearance of rufinamide. Broad-spectrum inducers such as carbamazepine and phenobarbital may have minor effects on rufinamide metabolism via this mechanism. Drugs that are inhibitors of carboxylesterases may decrease metabolism of rufinamide.

Carcinogenesis: Rufinamide was given in the diet to mice at 40, 120, and 400 mg/kg per day and to rats at 20, 60, and 200 mg/kg per day for two years. The doses in mice were associated with plasma AUCs 0.1 to 1 times the human plasma AUC at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD, 3200 mg/day). Increased incidences of tumors (benign bone tumors (osteomas) and/or hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas) were observed in mice at all doses. Increased incidences of thyroid follicular adenomas were observed in rats at all but the low dose; the low dose is <0.1 times the MRHD on a mg/m 2 basis.

Mutagenesis: Rufinamide was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay or the in vitro mammalian cell point mutation assay. Rufinamide was not clastogenic in the in vitro mammalian cell chromosomal aberration assay or the in vivorat bone marrow micronucleus assay.

Impairment of Fertility: Oral administration of rufinamide (doses of 20, 60, 200, and 600 mg/kg per day) to male and female rats prior to mating and throughout mating, and continuing in females up to day 6 of gestation resulted in impairment of fertility (decreased conception rates and mating and fertility indices; decreased numbers of corpora lutea, implantations, and live embryos; increased preimplantation loss; decreased sperm count and motility) at all doses tested. Therefore, a no-effect dose was not established. The lowest dose tested was associated with a plasma AUC ≈0.2 times the human plasma AUC at the MRHD.

Adult and Pediatric Patients Ages 4 Years and Older: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adult and pediatric patients ages 4 years and older was established in a single multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study (N=138). Male and female patients (between 4 and 30 years of age) were included if they had a diagnosis of inadequately controlled seizures associated with LGS (including both atypical absence seizures and drop attacks) and were being treated with 1 to 3 concomitant stable dose AEDs. Each patient must have had at least 90 seizures in the month prior to study entry. After completing a 4-week Baseline Phase on stable therapy, patients were randomized to have rufinamide or placebo added to their ongoing therapy during the 12-week Double-blind Phase. The Double-blind Phase consisted of 2 periods: the Titration Period (1 to 2 weeks) and the Maintenance Period (10 weeks). During the Titration Period, the dose was increased to a target dosage of approximately 45 mg/kg per day (3200 mg in adults of ≥70 kg), given on a twice daily schedule. Dosage reductions were permitted during titration if problems in tolerability were encountered. Final doses at titration were to remain stable during the maintenance period. Target dosage was achieved in 88% of the rufinamide-treated patients. The majority of these patients reached the target dose within 7 days, with the remaining patients achieving the target dose within 14 days.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAdult and Pediatric Patients Ages 4 Years and Older: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adult and pediatric patients ages 4 years and older was established in a single multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study (N=138). Male and female patients (between 4 and 30 years of age) were included if they had a diagnosis of inadequately controlled seizures associated with LGS (including both atypical absence seizures and drop attacks) and were being treated with 1 to 3 concomitant stable dose AEDs. Each patient must have had at least 90 seizures in the month prior to study entry. After completing a 4-week Baseline Phase on stable therapy, patients were randomized to have rufinamide or placebo added to their ongoing therapy during the 12-week Double-blind Phase. The Double-blind Phase consisted of 2 periods: the Titration Period (1 to 2 weeks) and the Maintenance Period (10 weeks). During the Titration Period, the dose was increased to a target dosage of approximately 45 mg/kg per day (3200 mg in adults of ≥70 kg), given on a twice daily schedule. Dosage reductions were permitted during titration if problems in tolerability were encountered. Final doses at titration were to remain stable during the maintenance period. Target dosage was achieved in 88% of the rufinamide-treated patients. The majority of these patients reached the target dose within 7 days, with the remaining patients achieving the target dose within 14 days.\n " }

The primary efficacy variables were:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "The primary efficacy variables were:" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "The percent change in total seizure frequency per 28 days;", "The percent change in tonic-atonic (drop attacks) seizure frequency per 28 days;", "Seizure severity from the Parent/Guardian Global Evaluation of the patient's condition. This was a 7-point assessment performed at the end of the Double-blind Phase. A score of +3 indicated that the patient's seizure severity was very much improved, a score of 0 that the seizure severity was unchanged, and a score of -3 that the seizure severity was very much worse." ], "text": "" }

The results of the three primary endpoints are shown in Table 7 below.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "The results of the three primary endpoints are shown in Table 7 below." }

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 7: Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Trial Seizure Frequency Primary Efficacy Variable Results</span> </caption> <colgroup> <col width="67%"/> <col width="11%"/> <col width="22%"/> </colgroup> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Variable</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Median percent change in total seizure frequency per 28 days</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-11.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-32.7</p> <p>(p=0.0015)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Median percent change in tonic-atonic seizure frequency per 28 days</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-42.5</p> <p>(p&lt;0.0001)</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Improvement in Seizure Severity Rating from Global Evaluation</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30.6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">53.4</p> <p>(p=0.0041)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

{ "type": "table", "children": [], "text": "<div class=\"scrollingtable\"><table width=\"100%\">\n<caption>\n<span>Table 7: Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome Trial Seizure Frequency Primary Efficacy Variable Results</span>\n</caption>\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"67%\"/>\n<col width=\"11%\"/>\n<col width=\"22%\"/>\n</colgroup>\n<tbody class=\"Headless\">\n<tr class=\"First\">\n<td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Variable</span>\n</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Placebo</span>\n</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Rufinamide</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"First\">Median percent change in total seizure frequency per 28 days</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">-11.7</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">-32.7</p>\n<p>(p=0.0015)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"First\">Median percent change in tonic-atonic seizure frequency per 28 days</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">1.4</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">-42.5</p>\n<p>(p&lt;0.0001)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Last\">\n<td class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"middle\">\n<p class=\"First\">Improvement in Seizure Severity Rating from Global Evaluation</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">30.6</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">53.4</p>\n<p>(p=0.0041)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table></div>" }

Pediatric Patients Ages 1 to Less than 4 years: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients ages 1 year to less than 4 years was established based on a single multi-center, open-label, active-controlled, randomized, pharmacokinetic bridging study. The pharmacokinetic profile of rufinamide is not significantly affected by age either as a continuous covariate (1 to 35 years) or as a categorical covariate (age categories: 1 to less than 4 years and 4 years of age and older), after body weight is taken into consideration.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPediatric Patients Ages 1 to Less than 4 years: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients ages 1 year to less than 4 years was established based on a single multi-center, open-label, active-controlled, randomized, pharmacokinetic bridging study. The pharmacokinetic profile of rufinamide is not significantly affected by age either as a continuous covariate (1 to 35 years) or as a categorical covariate (age categories: 1 to less than 4 years and 4 years of age and older), after body weight is taken into consideration.\n " }

Rufinamide Oral Suspension

40 mg per mL oral suspension is a white to off-white, orange flavored liquid. Supplied in:

10 mL unit dose cups: 30 cups (3 x 10) NDC 60687-824-08

Store the oral suspension at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

DO NOT USE IF SEAL IS BROKEN.

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use)." }

Administration Information:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAdministration Information:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Advise patients to take rufinamide with food \n [seeDosage and Administration (2.2)].\n ", "Advise patients who are prescribed the oral suspension to shake it vigorously before administration \n [seeDosage and Administration (2.2)].\n " ], "text": "" }

Suicidal Thinking and Behavior: Inform patients, their caregivers, and families that antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSuicidal Thinking and Behavior: Inform patients, their caregivers, and families that antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers \n [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.1)].\n" }

Central Nervous System Reactions: Inform patients about the potential for somnolence or dizziness and advise them not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on rufinamide to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.2)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCentral Nervous System Reactions: Inform patients about the potential for somnolence or dizziness and advise them not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on rufinamide to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance \n [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.2)].\n" }

Multi-Organ Hypersensitivity Reactions: Advise patients to notify their physician if they experience a rash associated with fever [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.4)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMulti-Organ Hypersensitivity Reactions: Advise patients to notify their physician if they experience a rash associated with fever \n [seeWarnings and Precautions (5.4)].\n" }

Drug Interactions:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDrug Interactions:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Inform female patients of childbearing age that the concurrent use of rufinamide with hormonal contraceptives may render this method of contraception less effective. Recommend patients use additional non-hormonal forms of contraception when using rufinamide \n [seeDrug Interactions (7.3)and \n Use in Specific Populations (8.3)] \n .\n ", "Inform patients that alcohol in combination with rufinamide may cause additive central nervous system effects." ], "text": "" }

Pregnancy:Advise patients to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy. Encourage patients to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 [seeUse in Specific Populations (8.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPregnancy:Advise patients to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy. Encourage patients to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 \n [seeUse in Specific Populations (8.1)].\n" }

Breast-feeding:Advise patients to notify their physician if they are breast-feeding or intend to breast-feed [seeUse in Specific Populations (8.2)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nBreast-feeding:Advise patients to notify their physician if they are breast-feeding or intend to breast-feed \n [seeUse in Specific Populations (8.2)].\n " }

American Health Packaging unit dose cups (see How Supplied section) contain drug product from Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. as follows:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "American Health Packaging unit dose cups (see How Supplied section) contain drug product from Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. as follows:" }

(400 mg per 10 mL / 30 UD) NDC 60687-824-08 packaged from NDC 0054-0528

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "(400 mg per 10 mL / 30 UD) NDC 60687-824-08 packaged from NDC 0054-0528" }

Distributed by: American Health Packaging Columbus, OH 43217

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Distributed by: \n \nAmerican Health Packaging\n Columbus, OH 43217\n\n " }

8482423/1224F

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\n8482423/1224F\n" }

8482423/1224F Rufinamide Oral Suspension (roo-FIN-a-mide) Rx only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\n8482423/1224F\n\nRufinamide Oral Suspension\n\n(roo-FIN-a-mide)\n \nRx only\n \n" }

Read this Medication Guide before you start taking Rufinamide Oral Suspension and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Read this Medication Guide before you start taking Rufinamide Oral Suspension and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment." }

What is the most important information I should know about rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat is the most important information I should know about rufinamide?\n" }

Do not stop taking rufinamide without first talking to your healthcare provider.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDo not stop taking rufinamide without first talking to your healthcare provider.\n" }

Stopping rufinamide suddenly can cause serious problems.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nStopping rufinamide suddenly can cause serious problems.\n" }

Rufinamide can cause serious side effects, including:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide can cause serious side effects, including:\n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Call a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCall a healthcare provider right away if you have any of these symptoms, especially if they are new, worse, or worry you:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "thoughts about suicide or dying", "attempt to commit suicide", "new or worse depression", "new or worse anxiety", "feeling agitated or restless", "panic attacks", "trouble sleeping (insomnia)", "new or worse irritability", "acting aggressive, being angry, or violent", "acting on dangerous impulses", "an extreme increase in activity and talking (mania)", "other unusual changes in behavior or mood", "Suicidal thoughts or actions can be caused by things other than medicines. If you have suicidal thoughts or actions, your healthcare provider may check for other causes." ], "text": "" }

How can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHow can I watch for early symptoms of suicidal thoughts and actions?\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Pay attention to any changes, especially sudden changes, in mood, behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.", "Keep all follow-up visits with your healthcare provider as scheduled." ], "text": "" }

Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Call your healthcare provider between visits as needed, especially if you are worried about symptoms." }

Do not stop rufinamide without first talking to a healthcare provider.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDo not stop rufinamide without first talking to a healthcare provider.\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Stopping rufinamide suddenly can cause serious problems. Stopping a seizure medicine suddenly in a patient who has epilepsy can cause seizures that will not stop (status epilepticus).", "Rufinamide may cause you to feel sleepy, tired, weak, dizzy, or have problems with coordination and walking." ], "text": "" }

What is rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat is rufinamide?\n" }

Rufinamide is a prescription medicine used with other medicines to treat seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide is a prescription medicine used with other medicines to treat seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older." }

It is not known if rufinamide is safe and effective in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients under 1 year of age.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "It is not known if rufinamide is safe and effective in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients under 1 year of age." }

Who should not take rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWho should not take rufinamide?\n" }

Do not take rufinamide if you have a genetic condition called familial short QT syndrome, a problem that affects the electrical system of the heart.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Do not take rufinamide if you have a genetic condition called familial short QT syndrome, a problem that affects the electrical system of the heart." }

What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat should I tell my healthcare provider before taking rufinamide?\n" }

Before you take rufinamide, tell your healthcare provider if you:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nBefore you take rufinamide, tell your healthcare provider if you:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "have heart problems", "have liver problems", "have any other medical problems", "have or have had suicidal thoughts or actions, depression or mood problems", "are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if rufinamide can harm your unborn baby. Tell your healthcare provider right away if you become pregnant while taking rufinamide. You and your healthcare provider will decide if you should take rufinamide while you are pregnant.", "rufinamide may make certain types of birth control less effective. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best birth control methods for you while you take rufinamide.\n\t\n \nIf you become pregnant while taking rufinamide, talk to your healthcare provider about registering with the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry. You can enroll in this registry by calling 1-888-233-2334. The purpose of this registry is to collect information about the safety of antiepileptic medicines during pregnancy.\n\n", "are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. It is not known if rufinamide will pass into your breast milk. Talk to your healthcare provider about the best way to feed your baby if you take rufinamide." ], "text": "" }

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nTell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.\n " }

Taking rufinamide with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well they work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Taking rufinamide with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well they work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider." }

Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine." }

How should I take rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHow should I take rufinamide?\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Take rufinamide exactly as your healthcare provider tells you. Your healthcare provider will tell you how much rufinamide to take.", "Your healthcare provider may change your dose. Do not change your dose of rufinamide without talking to your healthcare provider.", "Take rufinamide with food.", "If you take rufinamide oral suspension instead of rufinamide tablets, shake the bottle well before you take each dose. Measure your dose of rufinamide oral suspension using the bottle adapter and dosing syringes provided.", "See the complete \n Instructions for Use below for information on how to use the dosing syringes and measure your dose of rufinamide oral suspension.\n ", "If you take too much rufinamide, call your local Poison Control Center or get emergency medical help right away." ], "text": "" }

What should I avoid while taking rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat should I avoid while taking rufinamide?\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Do not drink alcohol or take other medicines that make you sleepy or dizzy while taking rufinamide until you talk to your healthcare provider. Rufinamide taken with alcohol or medicines that cause sleepiness or dizziness may make your sleepiness or dizziness worse.", "Do not drive, operate heavy machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how rufinamide affects you. Rufinamide can slow your thinking and motor skills." ], "text": "" }

What are the possible side effects of rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat are the possible side effects of rufinamide?\n" }

See "What is the most important information I should know about rufinamide?"

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSee \"What is the most important information I should know about rufinamide?\"\n" }

Rufinamide may cause serious side effects including:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide may cause serious side effects including:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Rufinamide can also cause allergic reactions or serious problems which may affect organs and other parts of your body like the liver or blood cells. You may or may not have a rash with these types of reactions." ], "text": "" }

Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following. Symptoms may include:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCall your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following. Symptoms may include:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "swelling of your face, eyes, lips, or tongue", "trouble swallowing or breathing", "a skin rash", "hives", "fever, swollen glands, or sore throat that do not go away or come and go", "swollen glands", "yellowing of your skin or eyes", "dark urine", "unusual bruising or bleeding", "severe fatigue or weakness", "severe muscle pain", "your seizures happen more often or become worse" ], "text": "" }

Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms listed above.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms listed above." }

The most common side effects of rufinamide include:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nThe most common side effects of rufinamide include:\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "headache", "dizziness", "tiredness", "sleepiness", "nausea", "vomiting" ], "text": "" }

Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of rufinamide. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of rufinamide. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist." }

Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088." }

How should I store rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHow should I store rufinamide?\n" }

{ "type": "ul", "children": [ "Store rufinamide oral suspension at 68° to 77°F (20° to 25°C)." ], "text": "" }

Oral Suspension Keep rufinamide and all medicines out of the reach of children.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nOral Suspension\n\nKeep rufinamide and all medicines out of the reach of children.\n" }

General Information about the safe and effective use of rufinamide.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nGeneral Information about the safe and effective use of rufinamide.\n" }

Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use rufinamide for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give rufinamide to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use rufinamide for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give rufinamide to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them." }

This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about rufinamide. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about rufinamide that is written for health professionals.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about rufinamide. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about rufinamide that is written for health professionals." }

For more information about the drug product, call Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. at 1-800-962-8364.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "For more information about the drug product, call Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. at 1-800-962-8364." }

For more information about the packaging or labeling, call American Health Packaging at 1‐800‐707‐4621.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "For more information about the packaging or labeling, call American Health Packaging at 1‐800‐707‐4621." }

What are the ingredients in rufinamide?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat are the ingredients in rufinamide?\n" }

Oral Suspension: Active ingredient: rufinamide

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nOral Suspension:\n\nActive ingredient: rufinamide\n " }

Inactive ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poloxamer, potassium sorbate, propylene glycol, propylparaben, purified water, simethicone emulsion, sodium hydroxide, sorbitol solution and orange flavoring.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Inactive ingredients: anhydrous citric acid, hydroxyethyl cellulose, methylparaben, microcrystalline cellulose and carboxymethylcellulose sodium, poloxamer, potassium sorbate, propylene glycol, propylparaben, purified water, simethicone emulsion, sodium hydroxide, sorbitol solution and orange flavoring." }

This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration." }

Distributed by: American Health Packaging Columbus, OH 43217

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Distributed by:\n \nAmerican Health Packaging\n\nColumbus, OH 43217\n " }

8482423/1224F

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\n8482423/1224F\n" }

Rufinamide Oral Suspension

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide\n \nOral Suspension\n \n" }

Rx Only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRx Only\n" }

FOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION ONLY

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFOR ORAL ADMINISTRATION ONLY\n" }

FOR INSTITUTIONAL USE ONLY

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFOR INSTITUTIONAL USE ONLY\n" }

PHARMACIST: Dispense with attached Medication Guide

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPHARMACIST: Dispense with attached Medication Guide\n " }

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F), excursions\n \npermitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F).\n \n[See USP Controlled Room Temperature].\n " }

8482423/1224F

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\n8482423/1224F\n" }

Rx Only

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rx Only" }

NDC 60687- 824-42

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "NDC 60687-\n \n 824-42\n\n " }

Rufinamide Oral Suspension

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide\n Oral Suspension\n\n " }

400 mg/10 mL

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\n400 mg/10 mL\n" }

SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "SHAKE WELL BEFORE USE" }

Delivers 10 mL

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDelivers 10 mL\n" }

For Oral Administration Only.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nFor Oral Administration Only.\n" }

See package insert for full prescribing information and storage.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "See package insert for full \n prescribing information and storage.\n " }

For Institutional Use Only.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "For Institutional Use Only." }

American Health Packaging Columbus, Ohio 43217

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "American Health Packaging \n Columbus, Ohio 43217\n " }

0482423/0224

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "0482423/0224" }

Rufinamide tablets are indicated for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older and in adults.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide tablets are indicated for adjunctive treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients 1 year of age and older and in adults. " }

The recommended starting daily dose of rufinamide tablets in pediatric patients with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is approximately 10 mg/kg administered in two equally divided doses. The dose should be increased by approximately 10 mg/kg increments every other day until a maximum daily dose of 45 mg/kg, not to exceed 3200 mg, administered in two equally divided doses, is reached. It is not known whether doses lower than the target doses are effective.

The recommended starting daily dose of rufinamide tablets in adults with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome is 400 to 800 mg per day administered in two equally divided doses. The dose should be increased by 400 to 800 mg every other day until a maximum daily dose of 3200 mg, administered in two equally divided doses, is reached. It is not known whether doses lower than 3200 mg are effective.

Administer rufinamide tablets with food. Rufinamide film-coated tablets can be administered whole, as half tablets or crushed.

Hemodialysis may reduce exposure to a limited (about 30%) extent. Accordingly, adjusting the rufinamide tablets dose during the dialysis process should be considered [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Use of rufinamide tablets in patients with hepatic impairment has not been studied. Therefore, use in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. Caution should be exercised in treating patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Patients taking valproate should begin rufinamide tablets at a dose lower than 10 mg/kg per day in pediatric patients or 400 mg per day in adults [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].

Rufinamide Tablets, USP are available containing 200 mg or 400 mg of rufinamide, USP.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide Tablets, USP are available containing 200 mg or 400 mg of rufinamide, USP." }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Rufinamide tablets are contraindicated in patients with Familial Short QT syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide tablets are contraindicated in patients with Familial Short QT syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]. " }

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), including rufinamide tablets, increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in patients taking these drugs for any indication. Patients treated with any AED for any indication should be monitored for the emergence or worsening of depression, suicidal thoughts or behavior, and/or any unusual changes in mood or behavior.

Pooled analyses of 199 placebo-controlled clinical trials (mono-and adjunctive therapy) of 11 different AEDs showed that patients randomized to one of the AEDs had approximately twice the risk (adjusted Relative Risk 1.8, 95% CI:1.2, 2.7) of suicidal thinking or behavior compared to patients randomized to placebo. In these trials, which had a median treatment duration of 12 weeks, the estimated incidence rate of suicidal behavior or ideation among 27,863 AED-treated patients was 0.43%, compared to 0.24% among 16,029 placebo-treated patients, representing an increase of approximately one case of suicidal thinking or behavior for every 530 patients treated. There were four suicides in drug-treated patients in the trials and none in placebo-treated patients, but the number is too small to allow any conclusion about drug effect on suicide.

The increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with AEDs was observed as early as 1 week after starting drug treatment with AEDs and persisted for the duration of treatment assessed. Because most trials included in the analysis did not extend beyond 24 weeks, the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior beyond 24 weeks could not be assessed.

The risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior was generally consistent among drugs in the data analyzed. The finding of increased risk with AEDs of varying mechanisms of action and across a range of indications suggests that the risk applies to all AEDs used for any indication. The risk did not vary substantially by age (5-100 years) in the clinical trials analyzed. Table 1 shows absolute and relative risk by indication for all evaluated AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 1: Absolute and Relative Risk of Suicidal Behavior and Ideation</span> </caption> <col width="20%"/> <col width="20%"/> <col width="19%"/> <col width="21%"/> <col width="20%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Indication</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Patients</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">with Events</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Per</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">1000 Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Drug</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Patients</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">with Events</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Per</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">1000 Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Relative Risk:</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Incidence of</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Events in Drug</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Patients/Incidence</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">in Placebo Patients</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Risk</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Difference:</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Additional</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Drug Patients</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">with Events</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Per 1000</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Patients</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Epilepsy</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychiatric</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">8.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Other</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.0</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0.9</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Total</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4.3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1.9</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The relative risk for suicidal thoughts or behavior was higher in clinical trials for epilepsy than in clinical trials for psychiatric or other conditions, but the absolute risk differences were similar for the epilepsy and psychiatric indications.

Anyone considering prescribing rufinamide or any other AED must balance the risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior with the risk of untreated illness. Epilepsy and many other illnesses for which AEDs are prescribed are themselves associated with morbidity and mortality and an increased risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior. Should suicidal thoughts and behavior emerge during treatment, consider whether the emergence of these symptoms in any given patient may be related to the illness being treated.

Use of rufinamide has been associated with central nervous system-related adverse reactions in the controlled clinical trial of patients 4 years or older with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome. The most significant of these can be classified into two general categories: 1) somnolence or fatigue, and 2) coordination abnormalities, dizziness, gait disturbances, and ataxia.

Somnolence was reported in 24% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 13% of patients on placebo, and led to study discontinuation in 3% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 0% of patients on placebo. Fatigue was reported in 10% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 8% of patients on placebo patients. It led to study discontinuation in 1% of rufinamide-treated patients and 0% of patients on placebo patients.

Dizziness was reported in 2.7% of rufinamide-treated patients compared to 0% of patients on placebo, and did not lead to study discontinuation.

Ataxia and gait disturbance were reported in 5.4% and 1.4% of rufinamide-treated patients, respectively, compared to no patient on placebo. None of these reactions led to study discontinuation.

Accordingly, patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on rufinamide to gauge whether it adversely affects their ability to drive or operate machinery.

Formal cardiac ECG studies demonstrated shortening of the QT interval (mean = 20 msec, for doses > 2400 mg twice daily) with rufinamide. In a placebo-controlled study of the QT interval, a higher percentage of rufinamide-treated subjects (46% at 2400 mg, 46% at 3200 mg, and 65% at 4800 mg) had a QT shortening of greater than 20 msec at Tmax compared to placebo (5-10%).

Reductions of the QT interval below 300 msec were not observed in the formal QT studies with doses up to 7200 mg per day. Moreover, there was no signal for drug-induced sudden death or ventricular arrhythmias.

The degree of QT shortening induced by rufinamide is without any known clinical risk. Familial Short QT syndrome is associated with an increased risk of sudden death and ventricular arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation. Such events in this syndrome are believed to occur primarily when the corrected QT interval falls below 300 msec. Non-clinical data also indicate that QT shortening is associated with ventricular fibrillation.

Patients with Familial Short QT syndrome should not be treated with rufinamide. Caution should be used when administering rufinamide with other drugs that shorten the QT interval [see Contraindications (4)].

Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS), also known as multi-organ hypersensitivity, has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs, including rufinamide. DRESS may be fatal or life-threatening. DRESS typically, although not exclusively, presents with fever, rash, and/or lymphadenopathy, and/or facial swelling, in association with other organ system involvement, such as hepatitis, nephritis, hematological abnormalities, myocarditis, or myositis, sometimes resembling an acute viral infection. Eosinophilia is often present. It is important to note that early manifestations of hypersensitivity, such as fever or lymphadenopathy, may be present even though rash is not evident. Because this disorder is variable in its expression, other organ systems not noted here may be involved.

All cases of DRESS identified in clinical trials with rufinamide occurred in pediatric patients less than 12 years of age, occurred within 4 weeks of treatment initiation, and resolved or improved with rufinamide discontinuation. DRESS has also been reported in adult and pediatric patients taking rufinamide in the postmarketing setting.

If DRESS is suspected, the patient should be evaluated immediately, rufinamide should be discontinued, and alternative treatment should be started.

As with all antiepileptic drugs, rufinamide should be withdrawn gradually to minimize the risk of precipitating seizures, seizure exacerbation, or status epilepticus. If abrupt discontinuation of the drug is medically necessary, the transition to another AED should be made under close medical supervision. In clinical trials, rufinamide discontinuation was achieved by reducing the dose by approximately 25% every 2 days.

Estimates of the incidence of treatment emergent status epilepticus among patients treated with rufinamide are difficult because standard definitions were not employed. In a controlled Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome trial, 3 of 74 (4.1%) rufinamide-treated patients had episodes that could be described as status epilepticus in the rufinamide-treated patients compared with none of the 64 patients in the placebo-treated patients. In all controlled trials that included patients with different epilepsies, 11 of 1240 (0.9%) rufinamide-treated patients had episodes that could be described as status epilepticus compared with none of 635 patients in the placebo-treated patients.

Rufinamide has been shown to reduce white cell count. Leukopenia (white cell count < 3X109 L) was more commonly observed in rufinamide-treated patients 43 of 1171 (3.7%) than placebo-treated patients, 7 of 579 (1.2%) in all controlled trials.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In the pooled, double-blind, adjunctive therapy studies in adult and pediatric patients ages 3 to 17 years of age, the most common (≥ 10%) adverse reactions in rufinamide-treated patients, in all doses studied (200 to 3200 mg per day) with a higher frequency than in patients on placebo were: headache, dizziness, fatigue, somnolence, and nausea.

Table 2 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of pediatric patients (ages 3 to less than 17 years) with epilepsy treated with rufinamide in controlled adjunctive studies and were numerically more common in patients treated with rufinamide than in patients on placebo.

At the target dose of 45 mg/kg per day for adjunctive therapy in pediatric patients (ages 3 to less than 17 years), the most common (≥ 3%) adverse reactions with an incidence greater than in placebo for rufinamide were somnolence, vomiting, and headache.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 2: Adverse Reactions in Pediatric Patients (Ages 3 to less than 17 years) in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 187)<br/>%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 182)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">17</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">17</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">16</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">8</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Influenza</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nasopharyngitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decreased Appetite</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Rash</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Diplopia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Bronchitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Sinusitis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Psychomotor Hyperactivity</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper Abdominal Pain </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Aggression</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ear Infection</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Disturbance in Attention</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Pruritis</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

Table 3 lists adverse reactions that occurred in at least 3% of adult patients with epilepsy treated with rufinamide (up to 3200 mg per day) in adjunctive controlled studies and were numerically more common in patients treated with rufinamide than in patients on placebo. In these studies, either rufinamide or placebo was added to the current AED therapy.

At all doses studied of up to 3200 mg per day given as adjunctive therapy in adults, the most common (≥ 3%) adverse reactions, and with the greatest increase in incidence compared to placebo, for rufinamide were dizziness, fatigue, nausea, diplopia, vision blurred, and ataxia.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 3: Adverse Reactions in Adults in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 823)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 376)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">27</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">26</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">19</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">12</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">16</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">12</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Somnolence</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">11</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Diplopia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">9</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Tremor</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nystagmus</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Blurred Vision </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">5</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Upper Abdominal Pain </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Anxiety</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Constipation</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dyspepsia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Back Pain</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Gait Disturbance</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vertigo</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In controlled, double-blind, adjunctive clinical studies, 9% of pediatric and adult patients receiving rufinamide as adjunctive therapy and 4% receiving placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation of rufinamide (> 1%) used as adjunctive therapy were generally similar in adults and pediatric patients.

In pediatric patients (ages 4 to less than 17 years) double-blind adjunctive clinical studies, 8% of patients receiving rufinamide as adjunctive therapy (at the recommended dose of 45 mg/kg per day) and 2% receiving placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation of rufinamide (> 1%) used as adjunctive therapy are presented in Table 4.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 4: Most Common Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in Pediatric Patients (Ages 4 to less than 17 years) in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 187)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 182)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Convulsion</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Rash</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Vomiting</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In adult double-blind, adjunctive clinical studies, 10% of patients receiving rufinamide as adjunctive therapy (at doses up to 3200 mg per day) and 6% receiving placebo discontinued as a result of an adverse reaction. The adverse reactions most commonly leading to discontinuation of rufinamide (> 1%) used as adjunctive therapy are presented in Table 5.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 5: Most Common Adverse Reactions Leading to Discontinuation in Adult Patients in Pooled Double-Blind Adjunctive Trials</span> </caption> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <col width="33%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Adverse Reaction</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 823)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">(N = 376)</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">%</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Dizziness</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">3</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Fatigue</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Headache</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">2</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Nausea</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Ataxia</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">1</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">0</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

In a multicenter, parallel group, open-label study comparing rufinamide (45 mg/kg per day) adjunctive treatment (n = 25) to the adjunctive treatment with an AED of the investigator’s choice (n = 11) in pediatric patients (1 year to less than 4 years of age) with inadequately controlled Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome, the adverse reaction profile was generally similar to that observed in adults and pediatric patients 4 years of age and older treated with rufinamide. Adverse reactions that occurred in at least 2 (8%) rufinamide-treated patients and with a higher frequency than in the AED comparator group were: vomiting (24%), somnolence (16%), bronchitis (12%), constipation (12%), cough (12%), decreased appetite (12%), rash (12%), otitis media (8%), pneumonia (8%), decreased weight (8%), gastroenteritis (8%), nasal congestion (8%), and pneumonia aspiration (8%).

Rufinamide has been administered to 1978 individuals during all epilepsy clinical trials (placebo-controlled and open-label). Adverse reactions occurring during these studies were recorded by the investigators using terminology of their own choosing. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of patients having adverse reactions, these events were grouped into standardized categories using the MedDRA dictionary. Adverse events occurring at least three times and considered possibly related to treatment are included in the System Organ Class listings below. Terms not included in the listings are those already included in the tables above, those too general to be informative, those related to procedures, and terms describing events common in the population. Some events occurring fewer than 3 times are also included based on their medical significance. Because the reports include events observed in open-label, uncontrolled observations, the role of rufinamide in their causation cannot be reliably determined.

Events are classified by body system and listed in order of decreasing frequency as follows: frequent adverse events—those occurring in at least 1/100 patients; infrequent adverse events—those occurring in 1/100 to 1/1000 patients; rare—those occurring in fewer than 1/1000 patients.

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: Frequent: anemia. Infrequent: lymphadenopathy, leukopenia, neutropenia, iron deficiency anemia, thrombocytopenia.

Cardiac Disorders: Infrequent: bundle branch block right, atrioventricular block first degree.

Metabolic and Nutritional Disorders: Frequent: decreased appetite, increased appetite.

Renal and Urinary Disorders: Frequent: pollakiuria. Infrequent: urinary incontinence, dysuria, hematuria, nephrolithiasis, polyuria, enuresis, nocturia, incontinence.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of rufinamide. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Dermatologic: Stevens-Johnson syndrome and other serious skin rashes with mucosal involvement.

Population pharmacokinetic analysis of average concentration at steady state of carbamazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, topiramate, and valproate showed that typical rufinamide Cavss levels had little effect on the pharmacokinetics of other AEDs. Any effects, when they occur, have been more marked in the pediatric population.

Table 6 summarizes the drug-drug interactions of rufinamide with other AEDs.

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 6: Summary of Drug-Drug Interactions of Rufinamide with Other Antiepileptic Drugs</span> </caption> <col width="27%"/> <col width="31%"/> <col width="42%"/> <tfoot> <tr> <td align="left" colspan="3"> <dl class="Footnote"> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-1" name="footnote-1">*</a> </dt> <dd>Predictions are based on rufinamide concentrations at the maximum recommended dose of rufinamide. </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-2" name="footnote-2">†</a> </dt> <dd>Maximum changes predicted to be in pediatric patients and in adult patients who achieve significantly higher levels of rufinamide, as the effect of rufinamide on these AEDs is concentration-dependent. </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-3" name="footnote-3">‡</a> </dt> <dd>Larger effects in pediatric patients at high doses/concentrations of AEDs. </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-4" name="footnote-4">§</a> </dt> <dd>Phenobarbital, primidone and phenytoin were treated as a single covariate (phenobarbital-type inducers) to examine the effect of these agents on rufinamide clearance. </dd> <dt> <a href="#footnote-reference-5" name="footnote-5">¶</a> </dt> <dd>All compounds of the benzodiazepine class were pooled to examine for ‘class effect’ on rufinamide clearance.</dd> </dl> </td> </tr> </tfoot> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">AED</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">Co-administered</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Influence of Rufinamide on</span> </p> <p> <span class="Bold">AED Concentration</span><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-1" name="footnote-reference-1">*</a> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Influence of AED on Rufinamide Concentration</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Carbamazepine</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 7 to 13%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2" name="footnote-reference-2">†</a> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decrease by 19 to 26%</p> <p>Dependent on dose of carbamazepine</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Lamotrigine</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Decrease by 7 to 13%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2">†</a> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Phenobarbital</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Increase by 8 to 13%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2">†</a> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decrease by 25 to 46%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3" name="footnote-reference-3">‡</a><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4" name="footnote-reference-4">§</a> </p> <p>Independent of dose or concentration of phenobarbital</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Phenytoin</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Increase by 7 to 21%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-2">†</a> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decrease by 25 to 46%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3">‡</a><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4">§</a> </p> <p>Independent of dose or concentration of phenytoin</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Topiramate</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Valproate</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Increase by &lt; 16 to 70%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3">‡</a> </p> <p>Dependent on concentration of valproate</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Primidone</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Not Investigated</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Decrease by 25 to 46%<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-3">‡</a><a class="Sup" href="#footnote-4">§</a> </p> <p>Independent of dose or concentration of primidone</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Benzodiazepines<a class="Sup" href="#footnote-5" name="footnote-reference-5">¶</a> </p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="middle"> <p class="First">Not Investigated</p> </td><td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">No Effect</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

The decrease in clearance of phenytoin estimated at typical levels of rufinamide (Cavss 15 µg/mL) is predicted to increase plasma levels of phenytoin by 7 to 21%. As phenytoin is known to have non-linear pharmacokinetics (clearance becomes saturated at higher doses), it is possible that exposure will be greater than the model prediction.

Potent cytochrome P450 enzyme inducers, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin, primidone, and phenobarbital, appear to increase the clearance of rufinamide (see Table 6). Given that the majority of clearance of rufinamide is via a non-CYP-dependent route, the observed decreases in blood levels seen with carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, and primidone are unlikely to be entirely attributable to induction of a P450 enzyme. Other factors explaining this interaction are not understood. Any effects, where they occurred, were likely to be more marked in the pediatric population.

Patients stabilized on rufinamide before being prescribed valproate should begin valproate therapy at a low dose, and titrate to a clinically effective dose. Similarly, patients on valproate should begin at a rufinamide dose lower than 10 mg/kg per day (pediatric patients) or 400 mg per day (adults) [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Female patients of childbearing age should be warned that the concurrent use of rufinamide with hormonal contraceptives may render this method of contraception less effective. Additional non-hormonal forms of contraception are recommended when using rufinamide [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) and Patient Counseling Information (17)].

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to AEDs, such as rufinamide, during pregnancy. Encourage women who are taking rufinamide during pregnancy to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry by calling 1-888-233-2334 or visiting http://www.aedpregnancyregistry.org.

There are no adequate data on the developmental risks associated with use of rufinamide in pregnant women. In animal reproduction studies, oral administration of rufinamide resulted in developmental toxicity in pregnant rats and rabbits at clinically relevant doses [see Data].

In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.

Oral administration of rufinamide (0, 20, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout organogenesis resulted in decreased fetal weight and increased incidence of fetal skeletal abnormalities at 100 and 300 mg/kg/day, which were associated with maternal toxicity. The maternal plasma exposure (AUC) at the no-adverse effect dose (20 mg/kg/day) for developmental toxicity was less than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 3200 mg/day.

Oral administration of rufinamide (0, 30, 200, or 1000 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rabbits throughout organogenesis resulted in embryofetal death, decreased fetal body weight, and increased incidence of fetal visceral and skeletal abnormalities at doses of 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day. The high dose (1000 mg/kg/day) was associated with abortion. Plasma exposure (AUC) at the no-adverse effect dose (30 mg/kg/day) was less than that in humans at the MRHD.

When rufinamide was orally administered (0, 5, 30, or 150 mg/kg/day) to pregnant rats throughout pregnancy and lactation, decreased offspring growth and survival were observed at all doses tested. A no-effect dose for adverse effects on pre- and postnatal development was not established. At the lowest dose tested (5 mg/kg/day), plasma exposure (AUC) was less than that in humans at the MRHD.

There are no data on the presence of rufinamide in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant, or the effects of the drug on milk production.

The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for rufinamide and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from rufinamide or from the underlying maternal condition.

Use of rufinamide may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives containing ethinyl estradiol or norethindrone. Advise women of reproductive potential taking rufinamide who are using a contraceptive containing ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone to use an additional non-hormonal form of contraception [see Drug Interactions (7.3) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The effect of rufinamide on fertility in humans has not been established. Oral administration of rufinamide (20, 60, 200, and 600 mg/kg/day) to male and female rats prior to mating, during mating, and during early gestation (females only) resulted in the impairment of fertility at all dose levels tested. The no-effect dose was not established. The plasma exposure level at 20 mg/kg was approximately 0.2 times the human plasma AUC at the MRHD [see Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].

Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients 1 to 17 years of age. The effectiveness of rufinamide in pediatric patients 4 years of age and older was based upon an adequate and well-controlled trial of rufinamide that included both adults and pediatric patients, 4 years of age and older, with Lennox Gastaut Syndrome. The effectiveness in patients 1 to less than 4 years was based upon a bridging pharmacokinetic and safety study [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Adverse Reactions (6.1), and Clinical Studies (14)]. The pharmacokinetics of rufinamide in the pediatric patients, ages 1 to less than 4 years of age is similar to children older than 4 years of age and adults [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 1 year has not been established.

Oral administration of rufinamide (0, 15, 50, or 150 mg/kg) to young rats for 10 weeks starting on postnatal day 7 resulted in decreased brain weights at the mid and high doses and neurobehavioral impairment (learning and memory deficit, altered startle response, decreased locomotor activity) and decreased growth (decreased body weight) at the highest dose tested. The no-effect dose for adverse effects on postnatal development in rats (15 mg/kg) was associated with a plasma exposure (AUC) lower than that in humans at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 3200 mg/day.

Clinical studies of rufinamide did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.

Pharmacokinetics of rufinamide in the elderly are similar to that in the young subjects [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Rufinamide pharmacokinetics in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min) was similar to that of healthy subjects. Dose adjustment in patients undergoing dialysis should be considered [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Use of rufinamide in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 10 to 15) is not recommended. Caution should be exercised in treating patients with mild (Child-Pugh score 5 to 6) to moderate (Child-Pugh score 7 to 9) hepatic impairment.

Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a Certified Poison Control Center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Because strategies for the management of overdose are continually evolving, it is advisable to contact a Certified Poison Control Center to determine the latest recommendations for the management of an overdose of any drug. " }

One overdose of 7200 mg per day rufinamide was reported in an adult during the clinical trials. The overdose was associated with no major signs or symptoms, no medical intervention was required, and the patient continued in the study at the target dose.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "One overdose of 7200 mg per day rufinamide was reported in an adult during the clinical trials. The overdose was associated with no major signs or symptoms, no medical intervention was required, and the patient continued in the study at the target dose. " }

Treatment or Management of Overdose: There is no specific antidote for overdose with rufinamide. If clinically indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be attempted by induction of emesis or gastric lavage. Usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nTreatment or Management of Overdose: There is no specific antidote for overdose with rufinamide. If clinically indicated, elimination of unabsorbed drug should be attempted by induction of emesis or gastric lavage. Usual precautions should be observed to maintain the airway. General supportive care of the patient is indicated including monitoring of vital signs and observation of the clinical status of the patient." }

Hemodialysis: Standard hemodialysis procedures may result in limited clearance of rufinamide. Although there is no experience to date in treating overdose with hemodialysis, the procedure may be considered when indicated by the patient’s clinical state.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHemodialysis: Standard hemodialysis procedures may result in limited clearance of rufinamide. Although there is no experience to date in treating overdose with hemodialysis, the procedure may be considered when indicated by the patient’s clinical state. " }

Rufinamide tablets, USP are a triazole derivative structurally unrelated to currently marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Rufinamide, USP has the chemical name 1-(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide. It has a molecular formula of C10H8F2N4O and a molecular weight of 238.2. The drug substance is a white, crystalline, odorless, and slightly bitter tasting neutral powder. Rufinamide is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran and in methanol, and very slightly soluble in ethanol and in acetonitrile.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide tablets, USP are a triazole derivative structurally unrelated to currently marketed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Rufinamide, USP has the chemical name 1-(2,6-Difluorobenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide. It has a molecular formula of C10H8F2N4O and a molecular weight of 238.2. The drug substance is a white, crystalline, odorless, and slightly bitter tasting neutral powder. Rufinamide is practically insoluble in water, slightly soluble in tetrahydrofuran and in methanol, and very slightly soluble in ethanol and in acetonitrile." }

Rufinamide tablets are available for oral administration in film-coated tablets, functionally scored on both sides, containing 200 and 400 mg of rufinamide. Inactive ingredients are black iron oxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, crospovidone, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc and titanium dioxide.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide tablets are available for oral administration in film-coated tablets, functionally scored on both sides, containing 200 and 400 mg of rufinamide. Inactive ingredients are black iron oxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, crospovidone, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc and titanium dioxide." }

Meets USP Dissolution Test 3.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMeets USP Dissolution Test 3.\n" }

The precise mechanism(s) by which rufinamide exerts its antiepileptic effect is unknown. The results of in vitro studies suggest that the principal mechanism of action of rufinamide is modulation of the activity of sodium channels and, in particular, prolongation of the inactive state of the channel. Rufinamide (≥ 1 μM) significantly slowed sodium channel recovery from inactivation after a prolonged prepulse in cultured cortical neurons, and limited sustained repetitive firing of sodium-dependent action potentials (EC50 of 3.8 μM).

Rufinamide oral suspension is bioequivalent on a mg per mg basis to rufinamide tablets. Rufinamide is well absorbed after oral administration. However, the rate of absorption is relatively slow and the extent of absorption is decreased as dose is increased. The pharmacokinetics does not change with multiple dosing. Most elimination of rufinamide is via metabolism, with the primary metabolite resulting from enzymatic hydrolysis of the carboxamide moiety to form the carboxylic acid. This metabolic route is not cytochrome P450 dependent. There are no known active metabolites. Plasma half-life of rufinamide is approximately 6-10 hours.

Following oral administration of rufinamide, peak plasma concentrations occur between 4 and 6 hours (Tmax) both under fed and fasted conditions. Rufinamide tablets display decreasing bioavailability with increasing dose after single and multiple dose administration. Based on urinary excretion, the extent of absorption was at least 85% following oral administration of a single dose of 600 mg rufinamide tablet under fed conditions.

Multiple dose pharmacokinetics can be predicted from single dose data for both rufinamide and its metabolite. Given the dosing frequency of every 12 hours and the half-life of 6 to 10 hours, the observed steady-state peak concentration of about two to three times the peak concentration after a single dose is expected.

Food increased the extent of absorption of rufinamide in healthy volunteers by 34% and increased peak exposure by 56% after a single dose of 400 mg tablet, although the Tmax was not elevated [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)].

Only a small fraction of rufinamide (34%) is bound to human serum proteins, predominantly to albumin (27%), giving little risk of displacement drug-drug interactions. Rufinamide was evenly distributed between erythrocytes and plasma. The apparent volume of distribution is dependent upon dose and varies with body surface area. The apparent volume of distribution was about 50 L at 3200 mg per day.

Rufinamide is extensively metabolized but has no active metabolites. Following a radiolabeled dose of rufinamide, less than 2% of the dose was recovered unchanged in urine. The primary biotransformation pathway is carboxylesterase(s) mediated hydrolysis of the carboxamide group to the acid derivative CGP 47292. A few minor additional metabolites were detected in urine, which appeared to be acyl-glucuronides of CGP 47292. There is no involvement of oxidizing cytochrome P450 enzymes or glutathione in the biotransformation process.

Rufinamide is a weak inhibitor of CYP 2E1. It did not show significant inhibition of other CYP enzymes. Rufinamide is a weak inducer of CYP 3A4 enzymes.

Rufinamide did not show any significant inhibition of P-glycoprotein in an in vitro study.

Renal excretion is the predominant route of elimination for drug related material, accounting for 85% of the dose based on a radiolabeled study. Of the metabolites identified in urine, at least 66% of the rufinamide dose was excreted as the acid metabolite CGP 47292, with 2% of the dose excreted as rufinamide.

The plasma elimination half-life is approximately 6-10 hours in healthy subjects and patients with epilepsy.

Population pharmacokinetic analyses of females show a 6-14% lower apparent clearance of rufinamide compared to males. This effect is not clinically important.

In a population pharmacokinetic analysis of clinical studies, no difference in clearance or volume of distribution of rufinamide was observed between the black and Caucasian subjects, after controlling for body size. Information on other races could not be obtained because of smaller numbers of these subjects.

Rufinamide pharmacokinetics in 9 patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL per min) was similar to that of healthy subjects. Patients undergoing dialysis 3 hours post rufinamide dosing showed a reduction in AUC and Cmax by 29% and 16%, respectively.

Based on in vitro studies, rufinamide shows little or no inhibition of most cytochrome P450 enzymes at clinically relevant concentrations, with weak inhibition of CYP 2E1. Drugs that are substrates of CYP 2E1 (e.g., chlorzoxazone) may have increased plasma levels in the presence of rufinamide, but this has not been studied.

Based on a population pharmacokinetic analysis, rufinamide clearance was decreased by valproate. In pediatric patients, valproate administration may lead to elevated levels of rufinamide by up to 70% [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].

Based on in vivo drug interaction studies with triazolam and oral contraceptives, rufinamide is a weak inducer of the CYP 3A4 enzyme and can decrease exposure of drugs that are substrates of CYP 3A4.

Rufinamide is metabolized by carboxylesterases. Drugs that may induce the activity of carboxylesterases may increase the clearance of rufinamide. Broad-spectrum inducers such as carbamazepine and phenobarbital may have minor effects on rufinamide metabolism via this mechanism. Drugs that are inhibitors of carboxylesterases may decrease metabolism of rufinamide.

Rufinamide was given in the diet to mice at 40, 120, and 400 mg/kg per day and to rats at 20, 60, and 200 mg/kg per day for 2 years. The doses in mice were associated with plasma AUCs 0.1 to 1 times the human plasma AUC at the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD, 3200 mg/day). Increased incidences of tumors (benign bone tumors (osteomas) and/or hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas) were observed in mice at all doses. Increased incidences of thyroid follicular adenomas were observed in rats at all but the low dose; the low dose is < 0.1 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis.

Rufinamide was not mutagenic in the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay or the in vitro mammalian cell point mutation assay. Rufinamide was not clastogenic in the in vitro mammalian cell chromosomal aberration assay or the in vivo rat bone marrow micronucleus assay.

Oral administration of rufinamide (doses of 20, 60, 200, and 600 mg/kg per day) to male and female rats prior to mating and throughout mating, and continuing in females up to day 6 of gestation resulted in impairment of fertility (decreased conception rates and mating and fertility indices; decreased numbers of corpora lutea, implantations, and live embryos; increased preimplantation loss; decreased sperm count and motility) at all doses tested. Therefore, a no-effect dose was not established. The lowest dose tested was associated with a plasma AUC ≈ 0.2 times the human plasma AUC at the MRHD.

Adult and Pediatric Patients Ages 4 Years and Older: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adult and pediatric patients ages 4 years and older was established in a single multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study (N = 138). Male and female patients (between 4 and 30 years of age) were included if they had a diagnosis of inadequately controlled seizures associated with LGS (including both atypical absence seizures and drop attacks) and were being treated with 1 to 3 concomitant stable dose AEDs. Each patient must have had at least 90 seizures in the month prior to study entry. After completing a 4-week Baseline Phase on stable therapy, patients were randomized to have rufinamide or placebo added to their ongoing therapy during the 12-week Double-blind Phase. The Double-blind Phase consisted of 2 periods: the Titration Period (1 to 2 weeks) and the Maintenance Period (10 weeks). During the Titration Period, the dose was increased to a target dosage of approximately 45 mg/kg per day (3200 mg in adults of ≥ 70 kg), given on a twice daily schedule. Dosage reductions were permitted during titration if problems in tolerability were encountered. Final doses at titration were to remain stable during the maintenance period. Target dosage was achieved in 88% of the rufinamide-treated patients. The majority of these patients reached the target dose within 7 days, with the remaining patients achieving the target dose within 14 days.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAdult and Pediatric Patients Ages 4 Years and Older: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adult and pediatric patients ages 4 years and older was established in a single multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel-group study (N = 138). Male and female patients (between 4 and 30 years of age) were included if they had a diagnosis of inadequately controlled seizures associated with LGS (including both atypical absence seizures and drop attacks) and were being treated with 1 to 3 concomitant stable dose AEDs. Each patient must have had at least 90 seizures in the month prior to study entry. After completing a 4-week Baseline Phase on stable therapy, patients were randomized to have rufinamide or placebo added to their ongoing therapy during the 12-week Double-blind Phase. The Double-blind Phase consisted of 2 periods: the Titration Period (1 to 2 weeks) and the Maintenance Period (10 weeks). During the Titration Period, the dose was increased to a target dosage of approximately 45 mg/kg per day (3200 mg in adults of ≥ 70 kg), given on a twice daily schedule. Dosage reductions were permitted during titration if problems in tolerability were encountered. Final doses at titration were to remain stable during the maintenance period. Target dosage was achieved in 88% of the rufinamide-treated patients. The majority of these patients reached the target dose within 7 days, with the remaining patients achieving the target dose within 14 days. " }

The primary efficacy variables were:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "The primary efficacy variables were: " }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

The results of the three primary endpoints are shown in Table 7 below.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "The results of the three primary endpoints are shown in Table 7 below. " }

<div class="scrollingtable"><table width="100%"> <caption> <span>Table 7: Lennox -Gastaut Syndrome Trial Seizure Frequency Primary Efficacy Variable Results</span> </caption> <col width="49%"/> <col width="25%"/> <col width="27%"/> <tbody class="Headless"> <tr class="First"> <td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Variable</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Placebo</span> </p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First"> <span class="Bold">Rufinamide</span> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Median percent change in total seizure frequency per 28 days</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-11.7</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-32.7</p> <p>(p = 0.0015)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Median percent change in tonic-atonic seizure frequency per 28 days</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">1.4</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">-42.5</p> <p>(p &lt; 0.0001)</p> </td> </tr> <tr class="Last"> <td class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">Improvement in Seizure Severity Rating from Global Evaluation</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">30.6</p> </td><td align="center" class="Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule" valign="top"> <p class="First">53.4</p> <p>(p = 0.0041)</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></div>

{ "type": "table", "children": [], "text": "<div class=\"scrollingtable\"><table width=\"100%\">\n<caption>\n<span>Table 7: Lennox -Gastaut Syndrome Trial Seizure Frequency Primary Efficacy Variable Results</span>\n</caption>\n<col width=\"49%\"/>\n<col width=\"25%\"/>\n<col width=\"27%\"/>\n<tbody class=\"Headless\">\n<tr class=\"First\">\n<td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Variable</span>\n</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Placebo</span>\n</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">\n<span class=\"Bold\">Rufinamide</span>\n</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">Median percent change in total seizure frequency per 28 days</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">-11.7</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">-32.7</p>\n<p>(p = 0.0015)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr>\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">Median percent change in tonic-atonic seizure frequency per 28 days</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">1.4</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">-42.5</p>\n<p>(p &lt; 0.0001)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n<tr class=\"Last\">\n<td class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">Improvement in Seizure Severity Rating from Global Evaluation</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">30.6</p>\n</td><td align=\"center\" class=\"Botrule Lrule Rrule Toprule\" valign=\"top\">\n<p class=\"First\">53.4</p>\n<p>(p = 0.0041)</p>\n</td>\n</tr>\n</tbody>\n</table></div>" }

Pediatric Patients Ages 1 to Less Than 4 Years: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients ages 1 year to less than 4 years was established based on a single multi-center, open-label, active-controlled, randomized, pharmacokinetic bridging study. The pharmacokinetic profile of rufinamide is not significantly affected by age either as a continuous covariate (1 to 35 years) or as a categorical covariate (age categories: 1 to less than 4 years and 4 years of age and older), after body weight is taken into consideration.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPediatric Patients Ages 1 to Less Than 4 Years: The effectiveness of rufinamide as adjunctive treatment for the seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients ages 1 year to less than 4 years was established based on a single multi-center, open-label, active-controlled, randomized, pharmacokinetic bridging study. The pharmacokinetic profile of rufinamide is not significantly affected by age either as a continuous covariate (1 to 35 years) or as a categorical covariate (age categories: 1 to less than 4 years and 4 years of age and older), after body weight is taken into consideration. " }

Rufinamide Tablets, USP are available containing 200 mg or 400 mg of rufinamide, USP.

The 200 mg tablets are pink, film-coated, oval, functionally scored tablets debossed with RU to the left of the score and 200 to the right of the score on one side of the tablet and a score on the other side. They are available as follows:

NDC 0378-2330-91bottles of 60 tablets

NDC 0378-2330-78bottles of 120 tablets

NDC 0378-2330-05bottles of 500 tablets

The 400 mg tablets are pink, film-coated, oval, functionally scored tablets debossed with RU to the left of the score and 400 to the right of the score on one side of the tablet and a score on the other side. They are available as follows:

NDC 0378-2331-91bottles of 60 tablets

NDC 0378-2331-78bottles of 120 tablets

NDC 0378-2331-05bottles of 500 tablets

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]Protect from moisture. Replace cap securely after opening.

Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP using a child-resistant closure.

PHARMACIST: Dispense a Medication Guide with each prescription.

Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use). " }

Administration Information:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nAdministration Information: \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Suicidal Thinking and Behavior: Inform patients, their caregivers, and families that antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSuicidal Thinking and Behavior: Inform patients, their caregivers, and families that antiepileptic drugs increase the risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and should be advised of the need to be alert for the emergence or worsening of the signs and symptoms of depression, any unusual changes in mood or behavior, or the emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts about self-harm. Behaviors of concern should be reported immediately to healthcare providers [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]. " }

Central Nervous System Reactions: Inform patients about the potential for somnolence or dizziness and advise them not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on rufinamide tablets to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCentral Nervous System Reactions: Inform patients about the potential for somnolence or dizziness and advise them not to drive or operate machinery until they have gained sufficient experience on rufinamide tablets to gauge whether it adversely affects their mental and/or motor performance [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]. " }

Multi-Organ Hypersensitivity Reactions: Advise patients to notify their physician if they experience a rash associated with fever [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMulti-Organ Hypersensitivity Reactions: Advise patients to notify their physician if they experience a rash associated with fever [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]. " }

Drug Interactions:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDrug Interactions: \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Pregnancy: Advise patients to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy. Encourage patients to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPregnancy: Advise patients to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy. Encourage patients to enroll in the North American Antiepileptic Drug Pregnancy Registry if they become pregnant. To enroll, patients can call the toll free number 1-888-233-2334 [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)]. " }

Breast-feeding: Advise patients to notify their physician if they are breast-feeding or intend to breast-feed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nBreast-feeding: Advise patients to notify their physician if they are breast-feeding or intend to breast-feed [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)]." }

Rufinamide Tablets, USP(roo fin' a mide)

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide Tablets, USP(roo fin' a mide)\n" }

Read this Medication Guide before you start taking rufinamide tablets and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Read this Medication Guide before you start taking rufinamide tablets and each time you get a refill. There may be new information. This information does not take the place of talking to your healthcare provider about your medical condition or treatment. " }

What is the most important information I should know about rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat is the most important information I should know about rufinamide tablets? \n" }

Do not stop taking rufinamide tablets without first talking to your healthcare provider.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nDo not stop taking rufinamide tablets without first talking to your healthcare provider. \n" }

Stopping rufinamide tablets suddenly can cause serious problems.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nStopping rufinamide tablets suddenly can cause serious problems. \n" }

Rufinamide tablets can cause serious side effects, including:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide tablets can cause serious side effects, including: \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

What are rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat are rufinamide tablets? \n" }

Rufinamide tablets are a prescription medicine used with other medicines to treat seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Rufinamide tablets are a prescription medicine used with other medicines to treat seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome (LGS) in adults and pediatric patients 1 year of age and older. " }

It is not known if rufinamide tablets are safe and effective in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients under 1 year of age.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "It is not known if rufinamide tablets are safe and effective in the treatment of Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome in pediatric patients under 1 year of age. " }

Who should not take rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWho should not take rufinamide tablets? \n" }

Do not take rufinamide tablets if you have a genetic condition called familial short QT syndrome, a problem that affects the electrical system of the heart.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Do not take rufinamide tablets if you have a genetic condition called familial short QT syndrome, a problem that affects the electrical system of the heart. " }

What should I tell my healthcare provider before taking rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat should I tell my healthcare provider before taking rufinamide tablets? \n" }

Before you take rufinamide tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nBefore you take rufinamide tablets, tell your healthcare provider if you: \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Tell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nTell your healthcare provider about all the medicines you take, including prescription and non-prescription medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements." }

Taking rufinamide tablets with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well they work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Taking rufinamide tablets with certain other medicines can cause side effects or affect how well they work. Do not start or stop other medicines without talking to your healthcare provider. " }

Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Know the medicines you take. Keep a list of them and show it to your healthcare provider and pharmacist each time you get a new medicine. " }

How should I take rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHow should I take rufinamide tablets? \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

What should I avoid while taking rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat should I avoid while taking rufinamide tablets? \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

What are the possible side effects of rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nWhat are the possible side effects of rufinamide tablets? \n" }

See “What is the most important information I should know about rufinamide tablets?”

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nSee “What is the most important information I should know about rufinamide tablets?” \n" }

Rufinamide tablets may cause serious side effects including:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamide tablets may cause serious side effects including: \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following. Symptoms may include:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCall your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the following. Symptoms may include: \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Call your healthcare provider right away if you have any of the symptoms listed above.

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The most common side effects of rufinamide tablets include:

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nThe most common side effects of rufinamide tablets include: \n" }

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Tell your healthcare provider about any side effect that bothers you or that does not go away. These are not all of the possible side effects of rufinamide tablets. For more information, ask your healthcare provider or pharmacist.

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Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nCall your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. \n" }

How should I store rufinamide tablets?

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nHow should I store rufinamide tablets? \n" }

{ "type": "", "children": [], "text": "" }

Keep rufinamide tablets and all medicines out of the reach of children.

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General Information about the safe and effective use of rufinamide tablets

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Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use rufinamide tablets for a condition for which they were not prescribed. Do not give rufinamide tablets to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. They may harm them.

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This Medication Guide summarizes the most important information about rufinamide tablets. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or doctor for information about rufinamide tablets that is written for health professionals.

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For more information, call Mylan at 1-877-446-3679 (1-877-4-INFO-RX).

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What are the ingredients in rufinamide tablets?

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Active ingredient: rufinamide

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Active ingredient: rufinamide" }

Inactive ingredients: black iron oxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, corn starch, crospovidone, hypromellose, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyethylene glycol, polyvinyl alcohol, red iron oxide, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc and titanium dioxide.

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This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

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The brands listed are trademarks of their respective owners.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "The brands listed are trademarks of their respective owners." }

Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Manufactured for:\nMylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.\nMorgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A." }

Manufactured by: Mylan Laboratories Limited Hyderabad – 500 096, India

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Manufactured by:\nMylan Laboratories Limited\nHyderabad – 500 096, India" }

75080538

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Revised: 6/2021MX:RUFI:R1mmh/MX:MG:RUFI:R1m/MX:MG:RUFI:R1mh

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Revised: 6/2021MX:RUFI:R1mmh/MX:MG:RUFI:R1m/MX:MG:RUFI:R1mh" }

NDC 0378-2330-91

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nNDC 0378-2330-91\n" }

RufinamideTablets, USP200 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamideTablets, USP200 mg\n" }

PHARMACIST: Dispense the accompanyingMedication Guide to each patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPHARMACIST: Dispense the accompanyingMedication Guide to each patient.\n" }

Rx only 60 Tablets

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRx only 60 Tablets\n" }

Each film-coated tablet contains:Rufinamide, USP     200 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Each film-coated tablet contains:Rufinamide, USP     200 mg" }

Usual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nUsual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information." }

Keep this and all medication out of the reach of children.

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Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

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Protect from moisture.

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Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Manufactured for:\nMylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.\nMorgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A." }

Made in India

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Made in India" }

Mylan.com

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMylan.com\n" }

Dispense in a tight, light-resistantcontainer as defined in the USPusing a child-resistant closure.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Dispense in a tight, light-resistantcontainer as defined in the USPusing a child-resistant closure." }

Replace cap securely after opening.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Replace cap securely after opening." }

Code No.: MH/DRUGS/25/NKD/89

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Code No.: MH/DRUGS/25/NKD/89" }

NDC 0378-2331-91

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nNDC 0378-2331-91\n" }

RufinamideTablets, USP400 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRufinamideTablets, USP400 mg\n" }

PHARMACIST: Dispense the accompanyingMedication Guide to each patient.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nPHARMACIST: Dispense the accompanyingMedication Guide to each patient.\n" }

Rx only 60 Tablets

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRx only 60 Tablets\n" }

Each film-coated tablet contains:Rufinamide, USP     400 mg

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Each film-coated tablet contains:Rufinamide, USP     400 mg" }

Usual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nUsual Dosage: See accompanying prescribing information." }

Keep this and all medication out of the reach of children.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nKeep this and all medication out of the reach of children.\n" }

Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nStore at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature.]\n" }

Protect from moisture.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nProtect from moisture.\n" }

Manufactured for: Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. Morgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Manufactured for:\nMylan Pharmaceuticals Inc.\nMorgantown, WV 26505 U.S.A." }

Made in India

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Made in India" }

Mylan.com

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nMylan.com\n" }

Dispense in a tight, light-resistantcontainer as defined in the USPusing a child-resistant closure.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Dispense in a tight, light-resistantcontainer as defined in the USPusing a child-resistant closure." }

Replace cap securely after opening.

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Replace cap securely after opening." }

Code No.: MH/DRUGS/25/NKD/89

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "Code No.: MH/DRUGS/25/NKD/89" }

RMX2331D

{ "type": "p", "children": [], "text": "\nRMX2331D\n" }